doc/book/devweb/internationalization.rst
author Noe Gaumont <ngaumont@logilab.fr>
Thu, 18 Apr 2019 15:10:35 +0200
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[doc] Clarify sentences
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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.. _internationalization:
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Internationalization
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---------------------
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Cubicweb fully supports the internalization of its content and interface.
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Cubicweb's interface internationalization is based on the translation project `GNU gettext`_.
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.. _`GNU gettext`: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/
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Cubicweb' internalization involves two steps:
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* in your Python code and cubicweb-tal templates : mark translatable strings
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* in your instance : handle the translation catalog, edit translations
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String internationalization
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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User defined string
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```````````````````
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In the Python code and cubicweb-tal templates translatable strings can be
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marked in one of the following ways :
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 * by using the *built-in* function `_`:
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   .. sourcecode:: python
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     class PrimaryView(EntityView):
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         """the full view of an non final entity"""
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         __regid__ = 'primary'
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         title = _('primary')
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  OR
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 * by using the equivalent request's method:
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   .. sourcecode:: python
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     class NoResultView(View):
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         """default view when no result has been found"""
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         __regid__ = 'noresult'
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         def call(self, **kwargs):
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             self.w(u'<div class="searchMessage"><strong>%s</strong></div>\n'
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                 % self._cw._('No result matching query'))
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The goal of the *built-in* function `_` is only **to mark the
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translatable strings**, it will only return the string to translate
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itself, but not its translation (it's actually another name for the
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`unicode` builtin).
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In the other hand the request's method `self._cw._` is also meant to
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retrieve the proper translation of translation strings in the
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requested language.
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Finally you can also use the `__` (two underscores) attribute of request object to get a
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translation for a string *which should not itself added to the catalog*,
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usually in case where the actual msgid is created by string interpolation ::
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  self._cw.__('This %s' % etype)
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In this example `._cw.__` is used instead of `._cw._` so we don't have 'This %s' in
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messages catalogs.
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Translations in cubicweb-tal template can also be done with TAL tags
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`i18n:content` and `i18n:replace`.
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If you need to mark other messages as translatable,
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you can create a file named `i18n/static-messages.pot`.
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You could put there messages not found in the python sources or
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overrides some messages that are in cubes used in the dependencies.
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Generated string
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````````````````
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We do not need to mark the translation strings of entities/relations used by a
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particular instance's schema as they are generated automatically. String for
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various actions are also generated.
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For exemple the following schema:
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.. sourcecode:: python
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  class EntityA(EntityType):
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      relation_a2b = SubjectRelation('EntityB')
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  class EntityB(EntityType):
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      pass
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May generate the following message ::
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  add EntityA relation_a2b EntityB subject
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This message will be used in views of ``EntityA`` for creation of a new
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``EntityB`` with a preset relation ``relation_a2b`` between the current
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``EntityA`` and the new ``EntityB``. The opposite message ::
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  add EntityA relation_a2b EntityB object
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Is used for similar creation of an ``EntityA`` from a view of ``EntityB``. The
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title of they respective creation form will be ::
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  creating EntityB (EntityA %(linkto)s relation_a2b EntityB)
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  creating EntityA (EntityA relation_a2b %(linkto)s EntityA)
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In the translated string you can use ``%(linkto)s`` for reference to the source
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``entity``.
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Handling the translation catalog
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Once the internationalization is done in your code, you need to populate and
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update the translation catalog. Cubicweb provides the following commands for this
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purpose:
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* `i18ncubicweb` updates Cubicweb framework's translation
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  catalogs. Unless you actually work on the framework itself, you
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  don't need to use this command.
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* `i18ncube` updates the translation catalogs of *one particular cube*
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  (or of all cubes). After this command is executed you must update
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  the translation files *.po* in the "i18n" directory of your
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  cube. This command will of course not remove existing translations
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  still in use. It will mark unused translation but not remove them.
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* `i18ninstance` recompiles the translation catalogs of *one particular
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  instance* (or of all instances) after the translation catalogs of
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  its cubes have been updated. This command is automatically
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  called every time you create or update your instance. The compiled
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  catalogs (*.mo*) are stored in the i18n/<lang>/LC_MESSAGES of
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  instance where `lang` is the language identifier ('en' or 'fr'
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  for exemple).
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Example
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```````
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You have added and/or modified some translation strings in your cube
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(after creating a new view or modifying the cube's schema for exemple).
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To update the translation catalogs you need to do:
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1. `cubicweb-ctl i18ncube <cube>`
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2. Edit the `<cube>/i18n/xxx.po` files and add missing translations (those with an empty `msgstr`)
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3. `hg ci -m "updated i18n catalogs"`
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4. `cubicweb-ctl i18ninstance <myinstance>`
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Customizing the messages extraction process
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The messages extraction performed by the ``i18ncommand`` collects messages
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from a few different sources:
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- the schema and application definition (entity names, docstrings,
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  help messages, uicfg),
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- the source files:
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  - ``i18n:content`` or ``i18n:replace`` directives from TAL files (with ``.pt`` extension),
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  - strings prefixed by an underscore (``_``) in python files,
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  - strings with double quotes prefixed by an underscore in javascript files.
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The source files are collected by walking through the cube directory,
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but ignoring a few directories like ``.hg``, ``.tox``, ``test`` or
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``node_modules``.
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If you need to customize this behaviour in your cube, you have to
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extend the ``cubicweb.devtools.devctl.I18nCubeMessageExtractor``. The
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example below will collect strings from ``jinja2`` files and ignore
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the ``static`` directory during the messages collection phase::
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  # mymodule.py
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  from cubicweb.devtools import devctl
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  class MyMessageExtractor(devctl.I18nCubeMessageExtractor):
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      blacklist = devctl.I18nCubeMessageExtractor | {'static'}
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      formats = devctl.I18nCubeMessageExtractor.formats + ['jinja2']
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      def collect_jinja2(self):
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          return self.find('.jinja2')
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      def extract_jinja2(self, files):
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          return self._xgettext(files, output='jinja.pot',
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                                extraopts='-L python --from-code=utf-8')
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Then, you'll have to register it with a ``cubicweb.i18ncube`` entry point
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in your cube's setup.py::
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  setup(
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      # ...
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      entry_points={
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          # ...
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          'cubicweb.i18ncube': [
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              'mycube=cubicweb_mycube.mymodule:MyMessageExtractor',
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          ],
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      },
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      # ...
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  )
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Editing po files
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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Using a PO aware editor
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````````````````````````
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Many tools exist to help maintain .po (PO) files. Common editors or
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development environment provides modes for these. One can also find
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dedicated PO files editor, such as `poedit`_.
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.. _`poedit`:  http://www.poedit.net/
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While usage of such a tool is commendable, PO files are perfectly
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editable with a (unicode aware) plain text editor. It is also useful
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to know their structure for troubleshooting purposes.
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Structure of a PO file
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``````````````````````
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In this section, we selectively quote passages of the `GNU gettext`_
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manual chapter on PO files, available there::
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 http://www.gnu.org/software/hello/manual/gettext/PO-Files.html
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One PO file entry has the following schematic structure::
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     white-space
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     #  translator-comments
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     #. extracted-comments
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     #: reference...
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     #, flag...
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     #| msgid previous-untranslated-string
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     msgid untranslated-string
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     msgstr translated-string
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A simple entry can look like this::
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     #: lib/error.c:116
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     msgid "Unknown system error"
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     msgstr "Error desconegut del sistema"
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It is also possible to have entries with a context specifier. They
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look like this::
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     white-space
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     #  translator-comments
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     #. extracted-comments
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     #: reference...
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     #, flag...
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     #| msgctxt previous-context
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     #| msgid previous-untranslated-string
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     msgctxt context
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     msgid untranslated-string
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     msgstr translated-string
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The context serves to disambiguate messages with the same
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untranslated-string. It is possible to have several entries with the
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same untranslated-string in a PO file, provided that they each have a
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different context. Note that an empty context string and an absent
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msgctxt line do not mean the same thing.
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Contexts and CubicWeb
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`````````````````````
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CubicWeb PO files have both non-contextual and contextual msgids.
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Contextual entries are automatically used in some cases. For instance,
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entity.dc_type(), eschema.display_name(req) or display_name(etype,
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req, form, context) methods/function calls will use them.
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12580
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It is also possible to explicitly use a context with `_cw.pgettext(context,
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msgid)`.
11337
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Specialize translation for an application cube
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``````````````````````````````````````````````
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Every cube has its own translation files. For a specific application cube
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it can be useful to specialize translations of other cubes. You can either mark
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those strings for translation using `_` in the python code, or add a
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`static-messages.pot` file into the `i18n` directory. This file
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looks like: ::
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    msgid ""
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    msgstr ""
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    "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI +ZONE\n"
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    "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"
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    "Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n"
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    "Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n"
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    "Generated-By: pygettext.py 1.5\n"
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    "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n > 1);\n"
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    msgig "expression to be translated"
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    msgstr ""
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Doing this, ``expression to be translated`` will be taken into account by
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the ``i18ncube`` command and additional messages will then appear in `.po` files
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of the cube.