--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000
+++ b/docs/sharing.rst Fri Jun 06 17:19:17 2014 -0400
@@ -0,0 +1,461 @@
+.. Copyright © 2014 Greg Ward <greg@gerg.ca>
+
+------------------------------
+Evolve: Shared Mutable History
+------------------------------
+
+Once you have mastered the art of mutable history in a single
+repository, you might want to move up to the next level: *shared*
+mutable history. ``evolve`` lets you push and pull draft changesets
+between repositories along with their obsolescence markers. This opens
+up a number of interesting possibilities.
+
+The most common scenario is a single developer working across two
+computers. Say you're working on code that must be tested on a remote
+test server, probably in a rack somewhere, only accessible by SSH, and
+running an “enterprise-grade” (out-of-date) OS. But you probably
+prefer to write code locally: everything is setup the way you like it,
+and you can use your preferred editor, IDE, merge/diff tools, etc.
+
+Traditionally, your options are limited: either
+
+ * (ab)use your source control system by committing half-working code
+ in order to get it onto the remote test server, or
+ * go behind source control's back by using ``rsync`` (or similar) to
+ transfer your code back-and-forth until it is ready to commit
+
+The former is less bad with distributed version control systems like
+Mercurial, but it's still far from ideal. (One important version
+control “best practice” is that every commit should make things just a
+little bit better, i.e. you should never commit code that is worse
+than what came before.) The latter, avoiding version control entirely,
+means that you're walking a tightrope without a safety net. One
+accidental ``rsync`` in the wrong direction could destroy hours of
+work.
+
+Using Mercurial with ``evolve`` to share mutable history solves all of
+these problems. As with single-repository ``evolve``, you can commit
+whenever the code is demonstrably better, even if all the tests aren't
+passing yet—just ``hg amend`` when they are. And you can transfer
+those half-baked changesets between repositories to try things out on
+your test server before anything is carved in stone.
+
+A less common scenario is multiple developers sharing mutable history.
+(This is in fact how Mercurial itself is developed.) We'll cover this
+scenario later. But first, single-user sharing.
+
+Publishing and non-publishing repositories
+------------------------------------------
+
+The key to shared mutable history is to keep your changesets in
+*draft* phase as you pass them around. Recall that by default, ``hg
+push`` promotes changesets from *draft* to *public*, and public
+changesets are immutable. You can change this behaviour by
+reconfiguring the *target* repository so that it is non-publishing.
+(Short version: set ``phases.publish`` to ``false``. Long version
+follows.)
+
+Setting things up
+-----------------
+
+We'll work an example with three local repositories, although in the
+real world they'd most likely be on three different computers. First,
+the public repository is where tested, polished changesets live, and
+it is where you push/pull changesets to/from the rest of your team. ::
+
+ $ hg init public
+
+We'll need two clones where work gets done::
+
+ $ hg clone -q public test-repo
+ $ hg clone -q test-repo dev-repo
+
+``dev-repo`` is your local machine, with GUI merge tools and IDEs and
+everything configured just the way you like it. ``test-repo`` is the
+test server in a rack somewhere behind SSH. So for the most part,
+we'll develop in ``dev-repo``, push to ``test-repo``, test and polish
+there, and push to ``public``.
+
+The key to making this whole thing work is to make ``test-repo``
+non-publishing::
+
+ $ cat >> test-repo/.hg/hgrc <<EOF
+ [phases]
+ publish = false
+ EOF
+
+We also have to configure ``evolve`` in both ``test-repo`` and
+``dev-repo``, so that we can amend and evolve in both of them. ::
+
+ $ cat >> test-repo/.hg/hgrc <<EOF
+ [extensions]
+ rebase =
+ evolve = /path/to/mutable-history/hgext/evolve.py
+ EOF
+ $ cat >> dev-repo/.hg/hgrc <<EOF
+ [extensions]
+ rebase =
+ evolve = /path/to/mutable-history/hgext/evolve.py
+ EOF
+
+Keep in mind that in real life, these repositories would probably be
+on separate computers, so you'd have to login to each one to configure
+each repository.
+
+To start things off, let's make one public, immutable changeset::
+
+ $ cd test-repo
+ $ echo 'my new project' > file1
+ $ hg add file1
+ $ hg commit -m 'create new project'
+ $ hg push -q
+
+and pull that into the development repository::
+
+ $ cd ../dev-repo
+ $ hg pull -u
+
+Amending a shared changeset
+---------------------------
+
+Everything you learned in the `user guide`_ applies to work done in
+``dev-repo``. You can commit, amend, uncommit, evolve, and so forth
+just as before.
+
+.. _`user guide`: user-guide.html
+
+Things get different when you push changesets to ``test-repo``. Or
+rather, things stay the same, which *is* different: because we
+configured ``test-repo`` to be non-publishing, draft changesets stay
+draft when we push them to ``test-repo``. Importantly, they're also
+draft (mutable) in ``test-repo``.
+
+Let's commit a preliminary change and push it to ``test-repo`` for
+testing. ::
+
+ $ echo 'fix fix fix' > file1
+ $ hg commit -m 'prelim change'
+ $ hg push ../test-repo
+
+At this point, ``dev-repo`` and ``test-repo`` have the same changesets
+in the same phases:
+
+ [figure SG01: rev 0:0dc9 public, rev 1:f649 draft, same on both repos]
+
+(You may notice a change in notation from the user guide: now
+changesets are labelled with their revision number and the first four
+digits of the 40-digit hexadecimal changeset ID. Mercurial revision
+numbers are never stable when working across repositories, especially
+when obsolescence is involved. We'll see why shortly.)
+
+Now let's switch to ``test-repo`` to test our change::
+
+ $ cd ../test-repo
+ $ hg update
+
+Don't forget to ``hg update``! Pushing only adds changesets to a
+remote repository; it does not update the working directory (unless
+you have a hook that updates for you).
+
+Now let's imagine the tests failed because we didn't use proper
+punctuation and capitalization (oops). Let's amend our preliminary fix
+(and fix the lame commit message while we're at it)::
+
+ $ echo 'Fix fix fix.' > file1
+ $ hg amend -m 'fix bug 37'
+
+Now we're in a funny intermediate state (figure 2): revision 1:f649 is
+obsolete in ``test-repo``, having been replaced by revision 3:60ff
+(revision 2:2a03 is another one of those temporary amend commits that
+we saw in the user guide)—but ``dev-repo`` knows nothing of these
+recent developments.
+
+ [figure SG02: rev 0:0dc9 public, rev 1:f649, 2:2a03 obsolete, rev 3:60ff draft -- but dev-repo same as in SG01]
+
+Let's resynchronize::
+
+ $ cd ../dev-repo
+ $ hg pull -u
+
+As seen in figure 3, this transfers the new changeset *and* the
+obsolescence marker for revision 1. However, it does *not* transfer
+the temporary amend commit, because it is obsolete. Push and pull
+transfer obsolesence markers between repositories, but they do not
+normally transfer obsolete changesets.
+
+ [figure SG03: dev-repo grows new rev 2:60ff, marks 1:f649 obsolete]
+
+Because of this deliberately incomplete synchronization, revision
+numbers in ``test-repo`` and ``dev-repo`` are no longer consistent. We
+*must* use changeset IDs.
+
+Amend again, locally
+--------------------
+
+This process can repeat. Perhaps you figure out a more elegant fix to
+the bug, and want to mutate history so nobody ever knows you had a
+less-than-perfect idea. We'll implement it locally in ``dev-repo`` and
+push to ``test-repo``::
+
+ $ echo 'Fix, fix, and fix.' > file1
+ $ hg amend
+ $ hg push
+
+This time around, the temporary amend commit is in ``dev-repo``, and
+it is not transferred to ``test-repo``—the same as before, just in the
+opposite direction. Figure 4 shows the two repositories after amending
+in ``dev-repo`` and pushing to ``test-repo``.
+
+ [figure SG04: each repo has one temporary amend commit, but they're different in each one]
+
+Let's hop over to ``test-repo`` to test the more elegant fix::
+
+ $ cd ../test-repo
+ $ hg update -q
+
+This time, all the tests pass, so no further amendment is required.
+This bug fix is finished, so we push it to the public repository::
+
+ $ hg push
+ [...]
+ added 1 changesets with 1 changes to 1 files
+
+Note that only one changeset—the final version, after two
+amendments—was actually pushed. Again, Mercurial normally doesn't
+transfer obsolete changesets on push and pull. (Specifically, it
+doesn't transfer *hidden* changesets: roughly speaking, obsolete
+changesets with no non-obsolete descendants. If you're curious, see
+the `concept guide`_ for the precise definition of hidden.)
+
+.. _`concept guide`: concepts.html
+
+So the picture in ``public`` is much simpler than in either
+``dev-repo`` or ``test-repo``. None of our missteps or amendments are
+visible publicly, just the final, beautifully polished changeset:
+
+ [figure SG05: public repo with rev 0:0dc9, 1:de61, both public]
+
+There is one important step left to do. Because we pushed from
+``test-repo`` to ``public``, the pushed changeset is in *public* phase
+in those two repositories. But ``dev-repo`` knows nothing of this:
+that changeset is still *draft* there. If we're not careful, we might
+mutate history in ``dev-repo``, obsoleting a changeset that is already
+public. Let's avoid that situation for now by pulling from
+``test-repo`` down to ``dev-repo``::
+
+ $ cd ../dev-repo
+ $ hg pull -u
+
+Getting into trouble
+--------------------
+
+Mercurial with ``evolve`` is a powerful tool, and using powerful tools
+can have consequences. (You can cut yourself badly with a sharp knife,
+but every competent chef keeps several around. Ever try to chop onions
+with a spoon?)
+
+In the user guide, we saw examples of *unstable* changesets, which are
+the most common type of troubled changeset. (Recall that a
+non-obsolete changeset with obsolete ancestors is unstable.)
+
+Two other types of trouble can crop up: *bumped* and *divergent*
+changesets. Both are more likely with shared mutable history,
+especially mutable history shared by multiple developers.
+
+To demonstrate, let's start with the ``public`` repository as we left
+it in the last example, with two immutable changesets (figure 5
+above). Two developers, Alice and Bob, start working from this point::
+
+ $ hg clone -q public alice
+ $ hg clone -q public bob
+
+We need to configure Alice's and Bob's working repositories similar to
+``test-repo``, i.e. make them non-publishing and enable ``evolve``::
+
+ $ cat >> alice/.hg/hgrc <<EOF
+ [phases]
+ publish = false
+ [extensions]
+ rebase =
+ evolve = /path/to/mutable-history/hgext/evolve.py
+ EOF
+ $ cp alice/.hg/hgrc bob/.hg/hgrc
+
+Bumped changesets: only one gets on the plane
+---------------------------------------------
+
+If two people show up at the airport with tickets for the same seat on
+the same plane, only one of them gets on the plane. The would-be
+traveller left behind in the airport terminal is said to have been
+*bumped*.
+
+Similarly, if Alice and Bob are collaborating on some mutable
+changesets, it's possible to get into a situation where an otherwise
+worthwhile changeset cannot be pushed to the public repository; it is
+bumped by an alternative changeset that happened to get there first.
+Let's demonstrate one way this could happen.
+
+It starts with Alice committing a bug fix. Right now, we don't yet
+know if this bug fix is good enough to push to the public repository,
+but it's good enough for Alice to commit. ::
+
+ $ cd alice
+ $ echo 'fix' > file2
+ $ hg commit -q -A -m 'fix bug 15'
+
+Now Bob has a bad idea: he decides to pull whatever Alice is working
+on and tweak her bug fix to his taste::
+
+ $ cd ../bob
+ $ hg pull -q -u ../alice
+ $ echo 'Fix.' > file2
+ $ hg amend -q -A -m 'fix bug 15 (amended)'
+
+(Note the lack of communication between Alice and Bob. Failing to
+communicate with your colleagues is a good way to get into trouble.
+Nevertheless, ``evolve`` can usually sort things out, as we will see.)
+
+ [figure SG06: Bob's repo with one amendment]
+
+After some testing, Alice realizes her bug fix is just fine as it is:
+no need for further polishing and amending, this changeset is ready to
+publish. ::
+
+ $ cd ../alice
+ $ hg push -q
+
+This introduces a contradiction: in Bob's repository, changeset 2:e011
+(his copy of Alice's fix) is obsolete, since Bob amended it. But in
+Alice's repository (and ``public``), that changeset is public: it is
+immutable, carved in stone for all eternity. No changeset can be both
+obsolete and public, so Bob is in for a surprise the next time he
+pulls from ``public``::
+
+ $ cd ../bob
+ $ hg pull -q -u
+ 1 new bumped changesets
+
+Figure 7 shows what just happened to Bob's repository: changeset
+2:e011 is now public, so it can't be obsolete. When that changeset was
+obsolete, it made perfect sense for it to have a successor, namely
+Bob's amendment of Alice's fix (changeset 4:fe88). But it's illogical
+for a public changeset to have a successor, so 4:fe88 is in trouble:
+it has been *bumped*.
+
+ [figure SG07: 2:e011 now public not obsolete, 4:fe88 now bumped]
+
+As usual when there's trouble in your repository, the solution is to
+evolve it::
+
+ $ hg evolve --all
+
+Figure 8 illustrate's Bob's repository after evolving away the bumped
+changeset. Ignoring the obsolete changesets, Bob now has a nice,
+clean, simple history. His amendment of Alice's bug fix lives on, as
+changeset 5:227d—albeit with a software-generated commit message. (Bob
+should probably amend that changeset to improve the commit message.)
+But the important thing is that his repository no longer has any
+troubled changesets, thanks to ``evolve``.
+
+ [figure SG08: 5:227d is new, formerly bumped changeset 4:fe88 now hidden]
+
+Divergent changesets
+--------------------
+
+In addition to *unstable* and *bumped*, there is a third kind of
+troubled changeset: *divergent*. When an obsolete changeset has two
+successors, those successors are divergent.
+
+To illustrate, let's start Alice and Bob at the same
+point—specifically, the point where Alice's repository currently
+stands. Bob's repository is a bit of a mess, so we'll throw it away
+and start him off with a copy of Alice's repository::
+
+ $ cd ..
+ $ rm -rf bob
+ $ cp -rp alice bob
+
+Now we'll have Bob commit a bug fix that could still be improved::
+
+ $ cd bob
+ $ echo 'pretty good fix' >> file1
+ $ hg commit -u bob -m 'fix bug 24 (v1)'
+
+This time, Alice meddles with her colleague's work (still a bad
+idea)::
+
+ $ cd ../alice
+ $ hg pull -q -u ../bob
+ $ echo 'better (alice)' >> file1
+ $ hg amend -u alice -m 'fix bug 24 (v2 by alice)'
+
+Here's where things change from the "bumped" scenario above: this
+time, the original author (Bob) decides to amend his changeset too. ::
+
+ $ cd ../bob
+ $ echo 'better (bob)' >> file1
+ $ hg amend -u bob -m 'fix bug 24 (v2 by bob)'
+
+At this point, the divergence exists, but only in theory: Bob's
+original changeset, 3:fe81, is obsolete and has two successors. But
+those successors are in different repositories, so the trouble is not
+visible to anyone yet. It will be as soon as one of our players pulls
+from the other's repository. Let's make Bob the victim again::
+
+ $ hg pull -q -u ../alice
+ not updating: not a linear update
+ (merge or update --check to force update)
+ 2 new divergent changesets
+
+The “not a linear update” is our first hint that something is wrong,
+but of course “2 new divergent changesets” is the real problem. Figure
+9 shows both problems.
+
+ [figure SG09: bob's repo with 2 heads for the 2 divergent changesets, 5:fc16 and 6:694f; wc is at 5:fc16, hence update refused; both are successors of obsolete 3:fe81, hence divergence]
+
+Now we need to get out of trouble. Unfortunately, a `bug`_ in
+``evolve`` means that the usual answer (run ``hg evolve --all``) does
+not work. Bob has to figure out the solution on his own: in this case,
+merge. To avoid distractions, we'll set ``HGMERGE`` to make Mercurial
+resolve any conflicts in favour of Bob. ::
+
+ $ HGMERGE=internal:local hg merge
+ $ hg commit -m merge
+
+.. _`bug`: https://bitbucket.org/marmoute/mutable-history/issue/48/
+
+This is approximately what ``hg evolve`` would do in this
+circumstance, if not for that bug. One annoying difference is that
+Mercurial thinks the two divergent changesets are still divergent,
+which you can see with a simple revset query::
+
+ $ hg log -q -r 'divergent()'
+ 5:fc16901f4d7a
+ 6:694fd0f6b503
+
+(That annoyance should go away when the bug is fixed.)
+
+Conclusion
+----------
+
+Mutable history is a powerful tool. Like a sharp knife, an experienced
+user can do wonderful things with it, much more wonderful than with a
+dull knife (never mind a rusty spoon). At the same time, an
+inattentive or careless user can do harm to himself or others.
+Mercurial with ``evolve`` goes to great lengths to limit the harm you
+can do by trying to handle all possible types of “troubled”
+changesets. But having a first-aid kit nearby does not excuse you from
+being careful with sharp knives.
+
+Mutable history shared across multiple repositories by a single
+developer is a natural extension of this model. Once you are used to
+using a single sharp knife on its own, it's pretty straightforward to
+chop onions and mushrooms using the same knife, or to alternate
+between two chopping boards with different knives.
+
+Mutable history shared by multiple developers is a scary place to go.
+Imagine a professional kitchen full of expert chefs tossing their
+favourite knives back and forth, with the occasional axe or chainsaw
+thrown in to spice things up. If you're confident that you *and your
+colleagues* can do it without losing a limb, go for it. But be sure to
+practice a lot first before you rely on it!