.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

.. _Concepts:

The Core Concepts of CubicWeb
=============================

This section defines some terms and core concepts of the *CubicWeb*
framework. To avoid confusion while reading this book, take time to go through
the following definitions and use this section as a reference during your
reading.

.. _Cube:

Cubes
-----

A cube is a software component made of three parts: its data model
(:file:`schema`), its logic (:file:`entities`) and its user interface
(:file:`views`).

A cube can use other cubes as building blocks and assemble them to provide
a whole with richer functionnalities than its parts. The cubes `cubicweb-blog`_
and `cubicweb-comment`_ could be used to make a cube named *myblog* with
commentable blog entries.

The `CubicWeb Forge`_ offers a large number of cubes developed by the community
and available under a free software license.

The command ``cubicweb-ctl list`` displays the list of cubes installed on your
system.

On a Unix system, the available cubes are usually stored in the directory
:file:`/usr/share/cubicweb/cubes`. During development, the cubes are commonly
found in the directory :file:`/path/to/cubicweb_forest/cubes`. The environment
variable :envvar:`CW_CUBES_PATH` gives additionnal locations where to search for
cubes.

.. _`CubicWeb Forge`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/
.. _`cubicweb-blog`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-blog
.. _`cubicweb-comment`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-comment


Instances
---------

An instance is a runnable application installed on a computer and based on a
cube.

The instance directory contains the configuration files. Several instances can
be created and based on the same cube. For exemple, several software forges can
be set up on one computer system based on the `cubicweb-forge`_ cube.

.. _`cubicweb-forge`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-forge

Instances can be of three different types: all-in-one, web engine or data
repository. For applications that support high traffic, several web (front-end)
and data (back-end) instances can be set-up to share the load.

.. image:: ../../images/archi_globale.en.png

The command ``cubicweb-ctl list`` displays the list of instances installed on
your system.

On a Unix system, the instances are usually stored in the directory
:file:`/etc/cubicweb.d/`. During development, the :file:`~/etc/cubicweb.d/`
directory is looked up, as well as the paths in :envvar:`CW_INSTANCES_DIR`
environment variable.

The term application can refer to an instance or to a cube, depending on the
context. This book will try to avoid using this term and use *cube* and
*instance* as appropriate.

Data Repository
---------------

The data repository [#]_ provides access to one or more data sources (including
SQL databases, LDAP repositories, Mercurial or Subversion version control
systems, other CubicWeb repositories, GAE's DataStore, etc).

All interactions with the repository are done using the Relation Query Language
(RQL). The repository federates the data sources and hides them from the
querier, which does not realize when a query spans accross several data sources
and requires running sub-queries and merges to complete.

It is common to run the web engine and the repository in the same process (see
instances of type all-in-one above), but this is not a requirement. A repository
can be set up to be accessed remotely using Pyro (`Python Remote Objects`_) and
act as a server.

Some logic can be attached to events that happen in the repository, like
creation of entities, deletion of relations, etc. This is used for example to
send email notifications when the state of an object changes. See `Hooks` below.

.. _[#]: not to be confused with a Mercurial repository or a Debian repository.
.. _`Python Remote Objects`: http://pyro.sourceforge.net/

Web Engine
----------

The web engine replies to http requests and runs the user interface and most of
the application logic.

By default the web engine provides a generated user interface based on the data
model of the instance. Entities can be created, displayed, updated and
deleted. As the default user interface is not very fancy, it is usually
necessary to develop your own.

Schema (Data Model)
-------------------

The data model of a cube is described as an entity-relationship schema using a
comprehensive language made of Python classes imported from the yams_ library.

.. _yams: http://www.logilab.org/project/yams/

An `entity type` defines a set of attributes and is used in some relations.
Attributes may be of the following types: `String`, `Int`, `Float`, `Boolean`,
`Date`, `Time`, `Datetime`, `Interval`, `Password`, `Bytes`, `RichString`. See
:ref:`yams.BASE_TYPES` for details.

A `relation type` is used to define a binary oriented relation between two
entity types.  The left-hand part of a relation is named the `subject` and the
right-hand part is named the `object`.

A `relation definition` is a triple (*subject entity type*, *relation type*, *object
entity type*) associated with a set of properties such as cardinality,
constraints, etc.

Permissions can be set on entity types and relation types to control who will be
able to create, read, update or delete entities and relations.

Some meta-data necessary to the system is added to the data model. That includes
entities like users and groups, the entities used to store the data model
itself and attributes like unique identifier, creation date, creator, etc.

When you create a new *CubicWeb* instance, the schema is stored in the database.
When the cubes the instance is based on evolve, they may change their data model
and provide migration scripts that will be executed when the administrator will
run the upgrade process for the instance.

Registries and Objects
----------------------

XXX registry, register, registries, registers ???

Application objects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Beside a few core functionalities, almost every feature of the framework is
achieved by dynamic objects (`application objects` or `appobjects`) stored in a
two-levels registry (the `vregistry`). Each object is affected to a registry with
an identifier in this registry. You may have more than one object sharing an
identifier in the same registry, At runtime, appobjects are selected in the
vregistry according to the context.

Application objects are stored in the registry using a two level hierarchy :

  object's `__registry__` : object's `id` : [list of app objects]

The base class of appobjects is `AppRsetObject` (module `cubicweb.appobject`).

The `vregistry`
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

At startup, the `registry` or registers base, inspects a number of directories
looking for compatible classes definition. After a recording process, the objects
are assigned to registers so that they can be selected dynamically while the
application is running.

Selectors
~~~~~~~~~

Each appobject has a selector, that is used to compute how well the object fits
a given context. The better the object fits the context, the higher the score.

CubicWeb provides a set of basic selectors that may be parametrized. Selectors
can be combined with the binary operators `&` and `|` to build more complex
selector that can be combined too.

There are three common ways to retrieve some appobject from the repository:

* get the most appropriate objects by specifying a registry and an identifier. In
  that case, the object with the greatest score is selected. There should always
  be a single appobject with a greater score than others.

* get all appobjects applying to a context by specifying a registry.In
  that case, every object with the a postive score is selected.

* get the object within a particular registry/identifier. In that case no
  selection process is involved, the vregistry will expect to find a single
  object in that cell.

Selector sets are the glue that tie views to the data model. Using them
appropriately is an essential part of the construction of well behaved cubes.


When no score is higher than the others, an exception is raised in development
mode to let you know that the engine was not able to identify the view to
apply. This error is silented in production mode and one of the objects with the
higher score is picked.

If no object has a positive score, ``NoSelectableObject`` exception is raised.

If no object is found for a particular registry and identifier,
``ObjectNotFound`` exception is raised.

In such cases you would need to review your design and make sure your views are
properly defined.



The RQL query language
----------------------

**No need for a complicated ORM when you have a powerful query language**

All the persistant data in a CubicWeb application is retrieved and modified by using the
Relation Query Language.

This query language is inspired by SQL but is on a higher level in order to
emphasize browsing relations.

db-api
~~~~~~

The repository exposes a `db-api`_ like api but using the RQL instead of SQL.
XXX feed me

Result set
~~~~~~~~~~

XXX feed me


Views
-----

** *CubicWeb* is data driven **

XXX feed me.


Hooks
-----
** *CubicWeb* provides an extensible data repository **

XXX feed me.