--- a/doc/book/en/A03a-concepts.en.txt Tue Apr 28 11:22:43 2009 +0200
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-.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
-
-Concepts
---------
-
-This section aims to provide you the keys of success with `CubicWeb`
-by clarifying the terms specific to our framework.
-
-Global architecture
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-.. image:: images/archi_globale.en.png
-
-
-`CubicWeb` framework is a server/client application framework. Those two
-parts communicate through RQL (`CubicWeb` query language implementation)
-and ResultSet (which will be explained in :ref:`TermsVocabulary`).
-
-The server manages all interactions with sources.
-
-
-.. note::
- Usually, the client and server sides are integrated in the same
- process and interact directly, without the need for distant
- calls using Pyro. But, it is important to note that those two
- sides, client/server, are disjointed and it is possible to execute
- a couple of calls in distinct processes to balance the load of
- your web site on one or more machines.
-
-.. _TermsVocabulary:
-
-Terms and vocabulary
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-`CubicWeb` defines its own terminology. To make sure there is no confusion
-while reading this book, we strongly recommand you take time to go through
-the following definitions that are the basics to understand while
-developing with `CubicWeb`.
-
-*schema*
- The schema defines the data model of an application based on entities
- and relations, modeled with a comprehensive language made of Python
- classes based on `yams`_ library. This is the core piece
- of an application. It is initially defined in the file system and is
- stored in the database at the time an instance is created. `CubicWeb`
- provides a certain number of system entities included automatically
- (necessary for the core of `CubicWeb`) and a library of
- cubes (which defined application entities) that can be explicitely
- included if necessary.
-
-*entity type*
- An entity type is a set of attributes; the essential attribute of
- an entity is its key, named eid.
-
-*relation type*
- Entities are linked to each others by relations. In `CubicWeb`
- relations are binary: by convention we name the first item of
- a relation the `subject` and the second the `object`.
-
-*final entity type*
- Final types correspond to the basic types such as string of characters,
- integers... Those types have a main property which is that they can
- only be used as `object` of a relation. The attributes of an entity
- (non final) are entities (finals).
-
-*final relation type*
- A relation is said final if its `object` is a final type. This is equivalent
- to an entity attribute.
-
-*relation definition*
- A relation definition is a 3-uple (subject entity type, relation type, object
- entity type), with an associated set of property such as cardinality, constraints...
-
-*repository*
- This is the RQL server side of `CubicWeb`. Be carefull not to get
- confused with a Mercurial repository or a debian repository.
-
-*source*
- A data source is a container of data (SGBD, LDAP directory, `Google
- App Engine`'s datastore ...) integrated in the
- `CubicWeb` repository. This repository has at least one source, `system` which
- contains the schema of the application, plain-text index and other
- vital informations for the system.
-
-*configuration*
- It is possible to create different configurations for an instance:
-
- - ``repository`` : repository only, accessible for clients using Pyro
- - ``twisted`` : web interface only, access the repository using Pyro
- - ``all-in-one`` : web interface and repository in a single process.
- The repository could be or not accessible using Pyro.
-
-*cube*
- A cube is a model grouping one or multiple data types and/or views
- to provide a specific functionality or a complete `CubicWeb` application
- potentially using other cubes. The available cubes are located in the file
- system at `/path/to/forest/cubicweb/cubes` for a Mercurial forest installation.
- For a debian packages installation they will be located in
- `/usr/share/cubicweb/cubes`.
- Larger applications can be built quite fast by importing cubes,
- adding entities and relationships, overriding the
- *views* that display the cubes or by editing informations not provided by
- the cubes.
-
-*instance*
- An instance is a specific installation of one or multiple cubes. All the required
- configuration files necessary for the well being of your web application
- are grouped in an instance. This will refer to the cube(s) your application
- is based on.
- For example logilab.org and our intranet are two instances of a single
- cube "jpl", developped internally.
- The instances are defined in the directory `/etc/cubicweb.d`.
-
-*application*
- The term application is sometimes used to talk about an instance
- and sometimes to talk of a cube depending on the context.
- So we would like to avoid using this term and try to use *cube* and
- *instance* instead.
-
-*result set*
- This object contains the results of an RQL query sent to the source
- and informations on the query.
-
-*Pyro*
- `Python Remote Object`_, distributed objects system similar to Java's RMI
- (Remote Method Invocation), which can be used for the dialog between the web
- side of the framework and the RQL repository.
-
-*query language*
- A full-blown query language named RQL is used to formulate requests
- to the database or any sources such as LDAP or `Google App Engine`'s
- datastore.
-
-*views*
- A view is applied to a `result set` to present it as HTML, XML,
- JSON, CSV, etc. Views are implemented as Python classes. There is no
- templating language.
-
-*generated user interface*
- A user interface is generated on-the-fly from the schema definition:
- entities can be created, displayed, updated and deleted. As display
- views are not very fancy, it is usually necessary to develop your
- own. Any generated view can be overridden by defining a new one with
- the same identifier.
-
-*rql*
- Relation Query Language in order to emphasize the way of browsing relations.
- This query language is inspired by SQL but is on a higher level;
- its implementation generates SQL.
-
-
-.. _`Python Remote Object`: http://pyro.sourceforge.net/
-.. _`yams`: http://www.logilab.org/project/yams/
-
-
-`CubicWeb` engine
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The engine in `CubicWeb` is a set of classes managing a set of objects loaded
-dynamically at the startup of `CubicWeb` (*appobjects*). Those dynamic objects,
-based on the schema or the library, are building the final application.
-The different dynamic components are for example:
-
-* client and server side
-
- - entities definition, containing the logic which enables application data manipulation
-
-* client side
-
- - *views*, or more specifically
-
- - boxes
- - header and footer
- - forms
- - page templates
-
- - *actions*
- - *controllers*
-
-* server side
-
- - notification hooks
- - notification views
-
-The components of the engine are:
-
-* a frontal web (only twisted is available so far), transparent for dynamic objects
-* an object that encapsulates the configuration
-* a `registry` (`cubicweb.cwvreg`) containing the dynamic objects loaded automatically
-
-Every *appobject* may access to the instance configuration using its *config* attribute
-and to the registry using its *vreg* attribute.
-
-API Python/RQL
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-The Python API developped to interface with RQL is inspired from the standard db-api,
-with a Connection object having the methods cursor, rollback and commit essentially.
-The most important method is the `execute` method of a cursor :
-
-`execute(rqlstring, args=None, eid_key=None, build_descr=True)`
-
-:rqlstring: the RQL query to execute (unicode)
-:args: if the query contains substitutions, a dictionary containing the values to use
-:eid_key:
- an implementation detail of the RQL cache implies that if a substitution
- is used to introduce an eid *susceptible to raise the ambiguities in the query
- type resolution*, then we have to specify the corresponding key in the dictionary
- through this argument
-
-
-The `Connection` object owns the methods `commit` and `rollback`. You *should
-never need to use them* during the development of the web interface based on
-the `CubicWeb` framework as it determines the end of the transaction depending
-on the query execution success.
-
-.. note::
- While executing update queries (SET, INSERT, DELETE), if a query generates
- an error related to security, a rollback is automatically done on the current
- transaction.
-
-
-The `Request` class (`cubicweb.web`)
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-A request instance is created when an HTTP request is sent to the web server.
-It contains informations such as form parameters, user authenticated, etc.
-
-**Globally, a request represents a user query, either through HTTP or not
-(we also talk about RQL queries on the server side for example).**
-
-An instance of `Request` has the following attributes:
-
-* `user`, instance of `cubicweb.common.utils.User` corresponding to the authenticated
- user
-* `form`, dictionary containing the values of a web form
-* `encoding`, character encoding to use in the response
-
-But also:
-
-:Session data handling:
- * `session_data()`, returns a dictionary containing all the session data
- * `get_session_data(key, default=None)`, returns a value associated to the given
- key or the value `default` if the key is not defined
- * `set_session_data(key, value)`, assign a value to a key
- * `del_session_data(key)`, suppress the value associated to a key
-
-
-:Cookies handling:
- * `get_cookie()`, returns a dictionary containing the value of the header
- HTTP 'Cookie'
- * `set_cookie(cookie, key, maxage=300)`, adds a header HTTP `Set-Cookie`,
- with a minimal 5 minutes length of duration by default (`maxage` = None
- returns a *session* cookie which will expire when the user closes the browser
- window)
- * `remove_cookie(cookie, key)`, forces a value to expire
-
-:URL handling:
- * `url()`, returns the full URL of the HTTP request
- * `base_url()`, returns the root URL of the web application
- * `relative_path()`, returns the relative path of the request
-
-:And more...:
- * `set_content_type(content_type, filename=None)`, adds the header HTTP
- 'Content-Type'
- * `get_header(header)`, returns the value associated to an arbitrary header
- of the HTTP request
- * `set_header(header, value)`, adds an arbitrary header in the response
- * `cursor()` returns a RQL cursor on the session
- * `execute(*args, **kwargs)`, shortcut to ``.cursor().execute()``
- * `property_value(key)`, properties management (`CWProperty`)
- * dictionary `data` to store data to share informations between components
- *while a request is executed*
-
-Please note that this class is abstract and that a concrete implementation
-will be provided by the *frontend* web used (in particular *twisted* as of
-today). For the views or others that are executed on the server side,
-most of the interface of `Request` is defined in the session associated
-to the client.
-
-The `AppObject` class
-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
-
-In general:
-
-* we do not inherit directly from this class but from a more specific
- class such as `AnyEntity`, `EntityView`, `AnyRsetView`,
- `Action`...
-
-* to be recordable, a subclass has to define its own register (attribute
- `__registry__`) and its identifier (attribute `id`). Usually we do not have
- to take care of the register, only the identifier `id`.
-
-We can find a certain number of attributes and methods defined in this class
-and common to all the application objects.
-
-At the recording, the following attributes are dynamically added to
-the *subclasses*:
-
-* `vreg`, the `vregistry` of the application
-* `schema`, the application schema
-* `config`, the application configuration
-
-We also find on instances, the following attributes:
-
-* `req`, `Request` instance
-* `rset`, the *result set* associated to the object if necessary
-* `cursor`, rql cursor on the session
-
-
-:URL handling:
- * `build_url(method=None, **kwargs)`, returns an absolute URL based on
- the given arguments. The *controller* supposed to handle the response,
- can be specified through the special parameter `method` (the connection
- is theoretically done automatically :).
-
- * `datadir_url()`, returns the directory of the application data
- (contains static files such as images, css, js...)
-
- * `base_url()`, shortcut to `req.base_url()`
-
- * `url_quote(value)`, version *unicode safe* of the function `urllib.quote`
-
-:Data manipulation:
-
- * `etype_rset(etype, size=1)`, shortcut to `vreg.etype_rset()`
-
- * `eid_rset(eid, rql=None, descr=True)`, returns a *result set* object for
- the given eid
- * `entity(row, col=0)`, returns the entity corresponding to the data position
- in the *result set* associated to the object
-
- * `complete_entity(row, col=0, skip_bytes=True)`, is equivalent to `entity` but
- also call the method `complete()` on the entity before returning it
-
-:Data formatting:
- * `format_date(date, date_format=None, time=False)` returns a string for a
- mx date time according to application's configuration
- * `format_time(time)` returns a string for a mx date time according to
- application's configuration
-
-:And more...:
-
- * `external_resource(rid, default=_MARKER)`, access to a value defined in the
- configuration file `external_resource`
-
- * `tal_render(template, variables)`, renders a precompiled page template with
- variables in the given dictionary as context
-
-.. note::
- When we inherit from `AppObject` (even not directly), you *always* have to use
- **super()** to get the methods and attributes of the superclasses, and not
- use the class identifier.
- For example, instead of writting: ::
-
- class Truc(PrimaryView):
- def f(self, arg1):
- PrimaryView.f(self, arg1)
-
- You'd better write: ::
-
- class Truc(PrimaryView):
- def f(self, arg1):
- super(Truc, self).f(arg1)
-
-.. _cubesConcepts:
-
-Cubes
-~~~~~
-
-What is a cube ?
-````````````````
-
-A cube is a model grouping one or more entity types and/or views associated
-in order to provide a specific feature or even a complete application using
-other cubes.
-
-You can decide to write your own set of cubes if you wish to re-use the
-entity types you develop. Lots of cubes are available from the `CubicWeb
-Forge`_ under a free software license.
-
-.. _`CubicWeb Forge`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/
-
-.. _foundationsCube:
-
-Standard structure for a cube
-`````````````````````````````
-
-A cube is structured as follows:
-
-::
-
- mycube/
- |
- |-- data/
- | |-- cubes.mycube.css
- | |-- cubes.mycube.js
- | `-- external_resources
- |
- |-- debian/
- | |-- changelog
- | |-- compat
- | |-- control
- | |-- copyright
- | |-- cubicweb-mycube.prerm
- | `-- rules
- |
- |-- entities.py
- |
- |-- i18n/
- | |-- en.po
- | `-- fr.po
- |
- |-- __init__.py
- |
- |-- MANIFEST.in
- |
- |-- migration/
- | |-- postcreate.py
- | `-- precreate.py
- |
- |-- __pkginfo__.py
- |
- |-- schema.py
- |
- |-- setup.py
- |
- |-- site_cubicweb.py
- |
- |-- hooks.py
- |
- |-- test/
- | |-- data/
- | | `-- bootstrap_cubes
- | |-- pytestconf.py
- | |-- realdb_test_mycube.py
- | `-- test_mycube.py
- |
- `-- views.py
-
-
-We can use subpackages instead of python modules for ``views.py``, ``entities.py``,
-``schema.py`` or ``hooks.py``. For example, we could have:
-
-::
-
- mycube/
- |
- |-- entities.py
- |-- hooks.py
- `-- views/
- |-- forms.py
- |-- primary.py
- `-- widgets.py
-
-
-where :
-
-* ``schema`` contains the schema definition (server side only)
-* ``entities`` contains the entities definition (server side and web interface)
-* ``sobjects`` contains hooks and/or views notifications (server side only)
-* ``views`` contains the web interface components (web interface only)
-* ``test`` contains tests related to the application (not installed)
-* ``i18n`` contains message catalogs for supported languages (server side and
- web interface)
-* ``data`` contains data files for static content (images, css, javascripts)
- ...(web interface only)
-* ``migration`` contains initialization file for new instances (``postcreate.py``)
- and a file containing dependencies of the component depending on the version
- (``depends.map``)
-* ``debian`` contains all the files managing debian packaging (you will find
- the usual files ``control``, ``rules``, ``changelog``... not installed)
-* file ``__pkginfo__.py`` provides component meta-data, especially the distribution
- and the current version (server side and web interface) or sub-cubes used by
- the cube.
-
-
-At least you should have:
-
-* the file ``__pkginfo__.py``
-* the schema definition
- XXX false, we may want to have cubes which are only adding a service,
- no persistent data (eg embedding for instance)
-
-
-Standard library
-````````````````
-
-A library of standard cubes are available from `CubicWeb Forge`_
-Cubes provide entities and views.
-
-The available application entities are:
-
-* addressbook_: PhoneNumber and PostalAddress
-
-* basket_: Basket (like a shopping cart)
-
-* blog_: Blog (a *very* basic blog)
-
-* comment_: Comment (to attach comment threads to entities)
-
-* event_: Event (define events, display them in calendars)
-
-* file_: File (to allow users to upload and store binary or text files)
-
-* folder_: Folder (to organize things but grouping them in folders)
-
-* keyword_: Keyword (to define classification schemes)
-
-* link_: Link (to collect links to web resources)
-
-* mailinglist_: MailingList (to reference a mailing-list and the URLs
- for its archives and its admin interface)
-
-* person_: Person (easily mixed with addressbook)
-
-* tag_: Tag (to tag anything)
-
-* task_: Task (something to be done between start and stop date)
-
-* zone_: Zone (to define places within larger places, for example a
- city in a state in a country)
-
-.. _addressbook: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-addressbook
-.. _basket: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-basket
-.. _blog: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-blog
-.. _comment: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-comment
-.. _event: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-event
-.. _file: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-file
-.. _folder: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-folder
-.. _keyword: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-keyword
-.. _link: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-link
-.. _mailinglist: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-mailinglist
-.. _person: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-person
-.. _tag: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-tag
-.. _task: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-task
-.. _zone: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-zone