author | Julien Jehannet <julien.jehannet@logilab.fr> |
Thu, 19 Feb 2009 12:09:01 +0100 | |
changeset 856 | fdd1743c57ce |
parent 405 | 295f3cd70915 |
child 1165 | 9d325c3b0014 |
permissions | -rw-r--r-- |
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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.. _RQL: |
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====================================== |
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RQL language (Relation Query Language) |
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====================================== |
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Introduction |
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============ |
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Goals RQL |
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--------- |
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The goal is to have a language emphasizing the way of browsing |
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relations. As such, attributes will be regarded as cases of |
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special relations (in terms of implementation, the user |
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language not to see virtually no difference between an attribute and a |
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relation). |
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RQL is inspired by SQL but is the highest level. A knowledge of the |
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`CubicWeb` schema defining the application is necessary. |
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Comparison with existing languages |
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---------------------------------- |
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SQL |
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``` |
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RQL builds on the features of SQL but is at a higher level |
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(the current implementation of RQL generates SQL). For that it is limited |
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to the way of browsing relations and introduces variables. |
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The user does not need to know the model underlying SQL, but the `CubicWeb` |
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schema defining the application. |
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Versa |
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````` |
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Should I look in more detail, but here is already some ideas for |
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the moment ... Versa_ is the language most similar to what we wanted |
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to do, but the model underlying data being RDF, there is some |
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number of things such as namespaces or handling of the RDF types which |
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does not interest us. On the functionality level, Versa_ is very comprehensive |
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including through many functions of conversion and basic types manipulation, |
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which may need to be guided at one time or another. |
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Finally, the syntax is a little esoteric. |
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Sparql |
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`````` |
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The query language most similar to RQL is SPARQL_, defined by the W3C to serve |
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for the semantic web. |
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The different types of queries |
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------------------------------ |
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Search (`Any`) |
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This type of query can extract entities and attributes of entities. |
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Inserting entities (`INSERT`) |
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This type of query is used to insert new entities in the database. It |
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will also create direct relationships entities newly created. |
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Update entities, relations creation (`SET`) |
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This type of query updates existing entities in the database, |
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or create relations between existing entities. |
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Deletion of entities or relationship (`DELETE`) |
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This type of query allows for the removal of entities and relations existing |
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in the database. |
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Search Query |
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------------ |
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[ `DISTINCT`] <entity type> V1 (V2) \ * |
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[ `GROUPBY` V1 (V2) \*] [ `ORDERBY` <orderterms>] |
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[ `WHERE` <restriction>] |
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[ `LIMIT` <value>] [ `OFFSET` <value>] |
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:entity type: |
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Type of selected variables. |
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The special type `Any` is equivalent to not specify a type. |
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:restriction: |
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list of relations to go through whic follow the pattern |
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`V1 relation V2 | <static value>` |
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:orderterms: |
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Definition of the selection order: variable or column number followed by |
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sorting method ( `ASC`, `DESC`), ASC is the default. |
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:note for grouped queries: |
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For grouped queries (e.g., a clause `GROUPBY`), all |
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selected variables must be aggregated or grouped. |
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- *Search for the object of identifier 53* |
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:: |
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Any WHERE X |
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X eid 53 |
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- *Search material such as comics, owned by syt and available* |
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:: |
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WHERE X Document |
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X occurence_of F, F class C, C name 'Comics' |
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X owned_by U, U login 'syt' |
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X available true |
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- *Looking for people working for eurocopter interested in training* |
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:: |
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Any P WHERE |
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P is Person, P work_for P, S name 'Eurocopter' |
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P interested_by T, T name 'training' |
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- *Search note less than 10 days old written by jphc or ocy* |
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:: |
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Any N WHERE |
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N is Note, N written_on D, D day> (today -10), |
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N written_by P, P name 'jphc' or P name 'ocy' |
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- *Looking for people interested in training or living in Paris* |
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:: |
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Any P WHERE |
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P is Person, (P interested_by T, T name 'training') OR |
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(P city 'Paris') |
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- *The name and surname of all people* |
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:: |
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Any N, P WHERE |
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X is Person, X name N, X first_name P |
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Note that the selection of several entities generally force |
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the use of "Any" because the type specification applies otherwise |
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to all the selected variables. We could write here |
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:: |
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String N, P WHERE |
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X is Person, X name N, X first_name P |
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Insertion query |
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--------------- |
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`INSERT` <entity type> V1 (, <entity type> V2) \ * `:` <assignments> |
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[ `WHERE` <restriction>] |
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: assignments: |
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list of relations to assign in the form `V1 relationship V2 | <static value>` |
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The restriction can define variables used in assignments. |
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Caution, if a restriction is specified, the insertion is done for |
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*each line results returned by the restriction*. |
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- *Insert a new person named 'foo'* |
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:: |
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INSERT Person X: X name 'foo' |
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- *Insert a new person named 'foo', another called 'nice' and a 'friend' relation |
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between them* |
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INSERT Person X, Person Y: X name 'foo', Y name 'nice', X friend Y |
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- *Insert a new person named 'foo' and a 'friend' relation with an existing |
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person called 'nice'* |
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:: |
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INSERT Person X: X name 'foo', X friend Y WHERE name 'nice' |
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Update and relation creation queries |
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------------------------------------ |
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`SET` <assignements> |
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[ `WHERE` <restriction>] |
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Caution, if a restriction is specified, the update is done *for |
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each line results returned by the restriction*. |
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- *Renaming of the person named 'foo' to 'bar' with the first name changed* |
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:: |
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SET X name 'bar', X first_name 'original' where X is Person X name 'foo' |
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- *Insert a relation of type 'know' between objects linked by |
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the relation of type 'friend'* |
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:: |
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SET X know Y WHERE X friend Y |
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Deletion query |
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-------------- |
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`DELETE` (<entity type> V) | (V1 relation v2 ),... |
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[ `WHERE` <restriction>] |
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Caution, if a restriction is specified, the deletion is made *for |
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each line results returned by the restriction*. |
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- *Deletion of the person named 'foo'* |
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DELETE Person X WHERE X name 'foo' |
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DELETE X friend Y WHERE X is Person, X name 'foo' |
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Undocumented (yet) type of queries |
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---------------------------------- |
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**Limit / offset** |
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:: |
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Any P ORDERBY N LIMIT 5 OFFSET 10 WHERE P is Person, P firstname N |
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**Function calls** |
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:: |
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Any UPPER(N) WHERE P firstname N |
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**Exists** |
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:: |
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Any X ORDERBY PN,N |
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WHERE X num N, X version_of P, P name PN, |
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EXISTS(X in_state S, S name IN ("dev", "ready")) |
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OR EXISTS(T tags X, T name "priority") |
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**Left outer join** |
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:: |
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Any T,P,V WHERE T is Ticket, T concerns P, T done_in V? |
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**Having** |
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:: |
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Any X GROUPBY X WHERE X knows Y HAVING COUNT(Y) > 10 |
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**Simple union** |
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:: |
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(Any X WHERE X is Person) UNION (Any X WHERE X is Company) |
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**Complex union** |
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:: |
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DISTINCT Any W, REF |
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WITH W, REF BEING |
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( |
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(Any W, REF WHERE W is Workcase, W ref REF, |
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W concerned_by D, D name "Logilab") |
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UNION |
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(Any W, REF WHERE W is Workcase, W ref REF, ' |
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W split_into WP, WP name "WP1") |
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) |
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Language definition |
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=================== |
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Reserved keywords |
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----------------- |
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The keywords are not case sensitive. |
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:: |
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DISTINCT, INSERT, SET, DELETE, |
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WHERE, AND, OR, NOT, EXISTS, |
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IN, LIKE, UNION, WITH, BEING, |
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TRUE, FALSE, NULL, TODAY, NOW, |
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LIMIT, OFFSET, |
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HAVING, GROUPBY, ORDERBY, ASC, DESC |
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Variables and Typing |
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-------------------- |
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With RQL, we do not distinguish between entities and attributes. The |
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value of an attribute is considered an entity of a particular type (see |
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below), linked to one (real) entity by a relation called the name of |
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the attribute. |
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Entities and values to browse and/or select are represented in |
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the query by *variables* that must be written in capital letters. |
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There is a special type **Any**, referring to a non specific type. |
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We can restrict the possible types for a variable using the |
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special relation **is**. |
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The possible type(s) for each variable is derived from the schema |
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according to the constraints expressed above and thanks to the relations between |
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each variable. |
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Built-in types |
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`````````````` |
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The base types supported are string (between double or single quotes), |
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integers or floats (the separator is the'.'), dates and |
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boolean. We expect to receive a schema in which types String, |
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Int, Float, Date and Boolean are defined. |
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* `String` (literal: between double or single quotes). |
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* `Int`, `Float` (separator being'.'). |
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* `Date`, `Datetime`, `Time` (literal: string YYYY/MM/DD [hh:mm] or keywords |
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`TODAY` and `NOW`). |
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* `Boolean` (keywords `TRUE` and `FALSE`). |
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* `Keyword` NULL. |
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Operators |
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--------- |
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Logical Operators |
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``````````````````` |
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:: |
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AND, OR, ',' |
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',' is equivalent to 'AND' but with the smallest among the priority |
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of logical operators (see :ref:`PriorityOperators`). |
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Mathematical Operators |
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`````````````````````` |
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+, -, *, / |
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Comparison operators |
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```````````````````` |
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:: |
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|
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339 |
=, <, <=, >=, > = ~, IN, LIKE |
115
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|
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* The operator `=` is the default operator. |
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|
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* The operator `LIKE` equivalent to `~=` can be used with the |
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special character `%` in a string to indicate that the chain |
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must start or finish by a prefix/suffix: |
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346 |
:: |
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Any X WHERE X name =~ 'Th%' |
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Any X WHERE X name LIKE '%lt' |
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* The operator `IN` provides a list of possible values: |
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352 |
:: |
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353 |
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Any X WHERE X name IN ( 'chauvat', 'fayolle', 'di mascio', 'thenault') |
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|
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356 |
|
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XXX nico: A trick <> 'bar' would not it be more convenient than NOT A |
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trick 'bar'? |
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359 |
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360 |
.. _PriorityOperators: |
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361 |
|
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362 |
Operators priority |
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363 |
`````````````````` |
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364 |
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365 |
1. '*', '/' |
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366 |
|
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367 |
2. '+', '-' |
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|
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369 |
3. 'and' |
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|
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371 |
4. 'or' |
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372 |
|
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373 |
5. ',' |
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374 |
|
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376 |
Advanced Features |
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377 |
----------------- |
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378 |
|
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379 |
Functions aggregates |
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380 |
```````````````````` |
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381 |
:: |
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382 |
|
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383 |
COUNT, MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM |
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384 |
|
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385 |
Functions on string |
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386 |
``````````````````` |
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387 |
:: |
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388 |
|
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389 |
UPPER, LOWER |
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390 |
|
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391 |
Optional relations |
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392 |
`````````````````` |
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393 |
|
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394 |
* They allow you to select entities related or not to another. |
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395 |
|
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396 |
* You must use the `?` behind the variable to specify that the relation |
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397 |
toward it is optional: |
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398 |
|
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399 |
- Anomalies of a project attached or not to a version :: |
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400 |
|
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401 |
Any X, V WHERE X concerns P, P eid 42, X corrected_in V? |
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402 |
|
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403 |
- All cards and the project they document if necessary :: |
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404 |
|
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405 |
Any C, P WHERE C is Card, P? documented_by C |
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406 |
|
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|
407 |
|
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408 |
|
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409 |
BNF grammar |
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410 |
----------- |
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411 |
|
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412 |
The terminal elements are in capital letters, non-terminal in lowercase. |
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413 |
The value of the terminal elements (between quotes) is a Python regular |
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414 |
expression. |
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415 |
:: |
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|
416 |
|
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417 |
statement:: = (select | delete | insert | update) ';' |
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|
418 |
|
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|
419 |
|
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420 |
# select specific rules |
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421 |
select ::= 'DISTINCT'? E_TYPE selected_terms restriction? group? sort? |
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422 |
|
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423 |
selected_terms ::= expression ( ',' expression)* |
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424 |
|
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425 |
group ::= 'GROUPBY' VARIABLE ( ',' VARIABLE)* |
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426 |
|
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427 |
sort ::= 'ORDERBY' sort_term ( ',' sort_term)* |
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428 |
|
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429 |
sort_term ::= VARIABLE sort_method =? |
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430 |
|
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431 |
sort_method ::= 'ASC' | 'DESC' |
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432 |
|
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433 |
|
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434 |
# delete specific rules |
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435 |
delete ::= 'DELETE' (variables_declaration | relations_declaration) restriction? |
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436 |
|
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|
437 |
|
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438 |
# insert specific rules |
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439 |
insert ::= 'INSERT' variables_declaration ( ':' relations_declaration)? restriction? |
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|
440 |
|
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441 |
|
209
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# update specific rules |
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443 |
update ::= 'SET' relations_declaration restriction |
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444 |
|
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445 |
|
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446 |
# common rules |
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447 |
variables_declaration ::= E_TYPE VARIABLE (',' E_TYPE VARIABLE)* |
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448 |
|
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449 |
relations_declaration ::= simple_relation (',' simple_relation)* |
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450 |
|
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451 |
simple_relation ::= VARIABLE R_TYPE expression |
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|
452 |
|
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453 |
restriction ::= 'WHERE' relations |
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|
454 |
|
209
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455 |
relations ::= relation (LOGIC_OP relation)* |
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456 |
| '(' relations')' |
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457 |
|
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458 |
relation ::= 'NOT'? VARIABLE R_TYPE COMP_OP? expression |
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459 |
| 'NOT'? R_TYPE VARIABLE 'IN' '(' expression (',' expression)* ')' |
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460 |
|
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461 |
expression ::= var_or_func_or_const (MATH_OP var_or_func_or_const) * |
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462 |
| '(' expression ')' |
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463 |
|
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464 |
var_or_func_or_const ::= VARIABLE | function | constant |
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|
465 |
|
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466 |
function ::= FUNCTION '(' expression ( ',' expression) * ')' |
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|
467 |
|
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468 |
constant ::= KEYWORD | STRING | FLOAT | INT |
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|
469 |
|
209
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470 |
# tokens |
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471 |
LOGIC_OP ::= ',' | 'GOLD' | 'AND' |
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472 |
MATH_OP ::= '+' | '-' | '/' | '*' |
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473 |
COMP_OP ::= '>' | '>=' | '=' | '<=' | '<' | '~=' | 'LIKE' |
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|
474 |
|
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475 |
FUNCTION ::= 'MIN' | 'MAX' | 'SUM' | 'AVG' | 'COUNT' | 'upper' | 'LOWER' |
115
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|
476 |
|
209
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477 |
VARIABLE ::= '[A-Z][A-Z0-9]*' |
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478 |
E_TYPE ::= '[A-Z]\w*' |
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479 |
R_TYPE ::= '[a-z_]+' |
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|
480 |
|
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481 |
KEYWORD ::= 'TRUE' | 'FALSE' | 'NULL' | 'TODAY' | 'NOW' |
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482 |
STRING ::= "'([^'\]|\\.)*'" |'"([^\"]|\\.)*\"' |
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483 |
FLOAT ::= '\d+\.\d*' |
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484 |
INT ::= '\d+' |
115
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|
485 |
|
209
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|
486 |
|
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|
487 |
Remarks |
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|
488 |
------- |
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|
489 |
|
38a9c240ac64
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|
490 |
Sorting and groups |
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|
491 |
`````````````````` |
115
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|
492 |
|
209
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493 |
- For grouped queries (e.g. with a GROUPBY clause), all |
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|
494 |
selected variables should be grouped. |
115
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|
495 |
|
209
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|
496 |
- To group and/or sort by attributes, we can do: "X,L user U, U |
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|
497 |
login L GROUPBY L, X ORDERBY L" |
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|
498 |
|
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|
499 |
- If the sorting method (SORT_METHOD) is not specified, then the sorting is |
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|
500 |
ascendant. |
115
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|
501 |
|
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|
502 |
Negation |
209
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|
503 |
```````` |
115
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|
504 |
|
209
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|
505 |
* A query such as `Document X WHERE NOT X owned_by U` means "the |
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|
506 |
documents have no relation `owned_by`". |
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|
507 |
* But the query `Document X WHERE NOT X owned_by U, U login "syt"` |
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|
508 |
means "the documents have no relation `owned_by` with the user |
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|
509 |
syt". They may have a relation "owned_by" with another user. |
115
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changeset
|
510 |
|
4b66ad23fbd1
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|
511 |
Identity |
209
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|
512 |
```````` |
38a9c240ac64
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|
513 |
|
38a9c240ac64
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|
514 |
You can use the special relation `identity` in a query to |
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|
515 |
add an identity constraint between two variables. This is equivalent |
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|
516 |
to ``is`` in python:: |
115
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changeset
|
517 |
|
209
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|
518 |
Any A WHERE A comments B, A identity B |
115
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changeset
|
519 |
|
209
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|
520 |
return all objects that comment themselves. The relation |
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|
521 |
`identity` is especially useful when defining the rules for securities |
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|
522 |
with `RQLExpressions`. |
115
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|
523 |
|
209
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|
524 |
Implementation |
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|
525 |
============== |
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changeset
|
526 |
|
38a9c240ac64
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|
527 |
Internal representation (syntactic tree) |
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|
528 |
---------------------------------------- |
115
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changeset
|
529 |
|
209
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|
530 |
The tree research does not contain the selected variables |
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|
531 |
(e.g. there is only what follows "WHERE"). |
115
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changeset
|
532 |
|
209
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|
533 |
The insertion tree does not contain the variables inserted or relations |
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|
534 |
defined on these variables (e.g. there is only what follows "WHERE"). |
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changeset
|
535 |
|
38a9c240ac64
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parents:
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|
536 |
The removal tree does not contain the deleted variables and relations |
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|
537 |
(e.g. there is only what follows the "WHERE"). |
115
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changeset
|
538 |
|
209
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|
539 |
The update tree does not contain the variables and relations updated |
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|
540 |
(e.g. there is only what follows the "WHERE"). |
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changeset
|
541 |
|
38a9c240ac64
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parents:
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|
542 |
:: |
93
9c919a47e140
[doc] total file reorganisation - phase 1 complete
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parents:
diff
changeset
|
543 |
|
209
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|
544 |
Select ((Relationship | And | Gold)?, Group?, Sort?) |
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|
545 |
Insert (Relations | And | Gold)? |
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|
546 |
Delete (Relationship | And | Gold)? |
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|
547 |
Update (Relations | And | Gold)? |
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changeset
|
548 |
|
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|
549 |
And ((Relationship | And | Gold), (Relationship | And | Gold)) |
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|
550 |
Or ((Relationship | And | Gold), (Relationship | And | Gold)) |
115
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changeset
|
551 |
|
209
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|
552 |
Relationship ((VariableRef, Comparison)) |
115
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changeset
|
553 |
|
209
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|
554 |
Comparison ((Function | MathExpression | Keyword | Constant | VariableRef) +) |
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|
555 |
|
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|
556 |
Function (()) |
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|
557 |
MathExpression ((MathExpression | Keyword | Constant | VariableRef), (MathExpression | Keyword | Constant | VariableRef)) |
115
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changeset
|
558 |
|
209
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|
559 |
Group (VariableRef +) |
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|
560 |
Sort (SortTerm +) |
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561 |
SortTerm (VariableRef +) |
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|
562 |
|
209
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|
563 |
VariableRef () |
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|
564 |
Variable () |
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|
565 |
Keyword () |
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566 |
Constant () |
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|
567 |
|
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|
568 |
|
209
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|
569 |
Remarks |
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|
570 |
------- |
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|
571 |
|
209
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|
572 |
- The current implementation does not support linking two relations of type |
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|
573 |
'is' with a OR. I do not think that the negation is supported on this type |
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|
574 |
of relation (XXX FIXME to be confirmed). |
115
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|
575 |
|
209
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|
576 |
- Relations defining the variables must be left to those using them. |
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|
577 |
For example:: |
115
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|
578 |
|
209
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579 |
Point P where P abs X, P ord Y, P value X+Y |
115
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|
580 |
|
209
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581 |
is valid, but:: |
115
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|
582 |
|
209
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583 |
Point P where P abs X, P value X+Y, P ord Y |
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|
584 |
|
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|
585 |
is not. |
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|
586 |
|
335
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|
587 |
RQL logs |
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|
588 |
-------- |
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|
589 |
|
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|
590 |
You can configure the `CubicWeb` application so that you keep a log |
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|
591 |
of the queries executed against your database. To do so, you want to |
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|
592 |
edit the configuration file of your application |
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|
593 |
``.../etc/cubicweb.d/myapp/all-in-one.conf`` and uncomment the |
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|
594 |
variable ``query-log-file``: :: |
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|
595 |
|
643db91242b1
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|
596 |
# web application query log file |
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|
597 |
query-log-file=/tmp/rql-myapp.log |
115
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|
598 |
|
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|
599 |
|
209
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|
600 |
Conclusion |
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|
601 |
========== |
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|
602 |
|
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|
603 |
Limitations |
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|
604 |
----------- |
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|
605 |
|
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|
606 |
It lacks at the moment: |
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|
607 |
|
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|
608 |
- COALESCE |
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|
609 |
|
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|
610 |
- restrictions on groups (HAVING) |
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|
611 |
|
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|
612 |
and certainly other things ... |
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|
613 |
|
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|
614 |
A disadvantage is that to use this language we must know the |
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|
615 |
format used (with real relation names and entities, not those viewing |
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|
616 |
in the user interface). On the other hand, we can not really bypass |
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|
617 |
that, and it is the job of a user interface to hide the RQL. |
115
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|
618 |
|
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|
619 |
|
209
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|
620 |
Topics |
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|
621 |
------ |
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|
622 |
|
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|
623 |
It would be convenient to express the schema matching |
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|
624 |
relations (non-recursive rules):: |
115
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|
625 |
|
209
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|
626 |
Document class Type <-> Document occurence_of Fiche class Type |
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|
627 |
Sheet class Type <-> Form collection Collection class Type |
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|
628 |
|
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|
629 |
Therefore 1. becomes:: |
115
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|
630 |
|
209
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|
631 |
Document X where |
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|
632 |
X class C, C name 'Cartoon' |
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|
633 |
X owned_by U, U login 'syt' |
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|
634 |
X available true |
115
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|
635 |
|
209
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|
636 |
I'm not sure that we should handle this at RQL level ... |
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|
637 |
|
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|
638 |
There should also be a special relation 'anonymous'. |
115
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changeset
|
639 |
|
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diff
changeset
|
640 |
|
209
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changeset
|
641 |
|
274
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changeset
|
642 |
.. _Versa: http://uche.ogbuji.net/tech/rdf/versa/ |
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|
643 |
.. _SPARQL: http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-sparql-query/ |
209
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|
644 |
|
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|
645 |
|
274
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|
646 |
[FIXME] see also RQL documentation in source rql/doc. |