doc/book/fr/02-foundation.fr.txt
author Sylvain Thénault <sylvain.thenault@logilab.fr>
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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Fondements `CubicWeb`
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=====================
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Un peu d'histoire...
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--------------------
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`CubicWeb` est une plate-forme logicielle de développement d'application web
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qui est développée par Logilab_ depuis 2001. 
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Entièrement développée en Python, `CubicWeb` publie des données provenant
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de plusieurs sources telles que des bases de données SQL, des répertoire 
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LDAP et des systèmes de gestion de versions tels que subversion. 
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L'interface utilisateur de `CubicWeb` a été spécialement conçue pour laisser 
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à l'utilisateur final toute latitude pour sélectionner puis présenter les données. 
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Elle permet d'explorer aisément la base de connaissances et d'afficher les 
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résultats avec la présentation la mieux adaptée à la tâche en cours. 
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La flexibilité de cette interface redonne à l'utilisateur le contrôle de 
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paramètres d'affichage et de présentation qui sont habituellement réservés 
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aux développeurs.
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Parmi les applications déjà réalisées, on dénombre un annuaire en ligne pour 
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le grand public (voir http://www.118000.fr/), un système de gestion d'études 
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numériques et de simulations pour un bureau d'études, un service de garde 
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partagée d'enfants (voir http://garde-partagee.atoukontact.fr/), la gestion 
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du développement de projets logiciels (voir http://www.logilab.org), etc.
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En 2008, `CubicWeb` a été porté pour un nouveau type de source: le datastore 
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de GoogleAppEngine_.
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.. _GoogleAppEngine: http://code.google.com/appengine/
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Architecture globale
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.. image:: images/archi_globale.png
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**Note**: en pratique la partie cliente et la partie serveur sont
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généralement intégrées dans le même processus et communiquent donc
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directement, sans nécessiter des appels distants via Pyro. Il est
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cependant important de retenir que ces deux parties sont disjointes
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et qu'il est même possible d'en exécuter plusieurs exemplaires dans
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des processus distincts pour répartir la charge globale d'un site
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sur une ou plusieurs machines.
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Concepts et vocabulaire
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-----------------------
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*schéma*
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  le schéma définit le modèle de données d'une application sous forme
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  d'entités et de relations, grâce à la bibliothèque `yams`_. C'est
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  l'élément central d'une application. Il est initialement défini sur
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  le système de fichiers et est stocké dans la base de données lors de
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  la création d'une instance. `CubicWeb` fournit un certain nombres de
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  types d'entités inclus systématiquement car nécessaire au noyau
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  `CubicWeb` et une librairie de cubes devant être inclus
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  explicitement le cas échéant.
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*type d'entité* 
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  une entité est un ensemble d'attributs ; l'attribut de
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  base de toute entité, qui est sa clef, est l'eid
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*type de relation*
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  les entités sont liées entre elles par des relations. Dans `CubicWeb` 
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  les relations sont binaires : par convention on nomme le premier terme
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  d'une relation son 'sujet' et le second son 'objet'.
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*type d'entité final*
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  les types finaux correspondent aux types de bases comme les chaînes
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  de caractères, les nombres entiers... Une propriété de ces types est
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  qu'ils ne peuvent être utilisés qu'uniquement comme objet d'une
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  relation. Les attributs d'une entité (non finale) sont des entités
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  (finales).
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*type de relation finale*
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  une relation est dite finale si son objet est un type final. Cela revient à
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  un attribut d'une entité.
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*entrepôt*
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  ou *repository*, c'est la partie serveur RQL de `CubicWeb`. Attention à ne pas
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  confondre avec un entrepôt mercurial ou encore un entrepôt debian.
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*source*
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  une source de données est un conteneur de données quelquonque (SGBD, annuaire
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  LDAP...) intégré par l'entrepôt `CubicWeb`. Un entrepôt possède au moins une source
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  dite "system" contenant le schéma de l'application, l'index plein-texte et
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  d'autres informations vitales au système.
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*configuration*
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  il est possible de créer différentes configurations pour une instance :
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  - ``repository`` : entrepôt uniquement, accessible pour les clients via Pyro
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  - ``twisted`` : interface web uniquement, communiquant avec un entrepôt via Pyro
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  - ``all-in-one`` : interface web et entrepôt dans un seul processus. L'entrepôt
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     peut ou non être accessible via Pyro
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*cube*
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  un cube est un modèle regroupant un ou plusieurs types de données et/ou
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  des vues afin de fournir une fonctionalité précise, ou une application `CubicWeb`
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  complète utilisant éventuellement d'autres cube. Les différents
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  cubes disponibles sur une machine sont installés dans
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  `/path/to/forest/cubicweb/cubes`
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*instance*
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  une instance est une installation spécifique d'un cube. Sont regroupes
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  dans une instance tous les fichiers de configurations necessaires au bon
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  fonctionnement de votre application web. Elle referrera au(x) cube(s) sur 
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  le(s)quel(s) votre application se base.
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  Par exemple intranet/jpl et logilab.org sont deux instances du cube jpl que
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  nous avons developpes en interne. 
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  Les instances sont définies dans le répertoire `~/etc/cubicweb.d`.
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*application*
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  le mot application est utilisé parfois pour parler d'une instance et parfois
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  d'un composant, en fonction du contexte... Mieux vaut donc éviter de
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  l'utiliser et utiliser plutôt *cube* et *instance*.
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*result set*
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  objet encaspulant les résultats d'une requête RQL et des informations sur
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  cette requête.
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*Pyro*
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  `Python Remote Object`_, système d'objets distribués pur Python similaire à
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  Java's RMI (Remote Method Invocation), pouvant être utilisé pour la
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  communication entre la partie web du framework et l'entrepôt RQL.
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.. _`Python Remote Object`: http://pyro.sourceforge.net/
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.. _`yams`: http://www.logilab.org/project/name/yams/
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Moteur `CubicWeb`
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-----------------
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Le moteur web de `CubicWeb` consiste en quelques classes gérant un ensemble d'objets
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chargés dynamiquement au lancement de `CubicWeb`. Ce sont ces objets dynamiques, issus
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du modèle ou de la librairie, qui construisent le site web final. Les différents
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composants dynamiques sont par exemple : 
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* coté client et serveur
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 - les définitions d'entités, contenant la logique permettant la manipulation des
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   données de l'application
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* coté client
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  - les *vues* , ou encore plus spécifiquement 
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    - les boites
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    - l'en-tête et le pied de page
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    - les formulaires
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    - les gabarits de pages
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  - les *actions*
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  - les *controleurs*
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* coté serveur
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  - les crochets de notification
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  - les vues de notification
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Les différents composants du moteur sont :
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* un frontal web (seul twisted disponible pour le moment), transparent du point
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  de vue des objets dynamiques
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* un objet encapsulant la configuration
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* un `vregistry` (`cubicweb.cwvreg`) contenant les objets chargés dynamiquements
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Détail de la procédure d'enregistrement
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---------------------------------------
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Au démarage le `vregistry` ou base de registres inspecte un certain nombre de
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répertoires à la recherche de définition de classes "compatible". Après une
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procédure d'enregistrement les objets sont affectés dans différents registres
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afin d'être ensuite séléctionné dynamiquement pendant le fonctionnement de
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l'application.
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La classe de base de tout ces objets est la classe `AppRsetObject` (module
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`cubicweb.common.appobject`). 
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API Python/RQL
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--------------
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Inspiré de la db-api standard, avec un object Connection possédant les méthodes
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cursor, rollback et commit principalement. La méthode importante est la méthode
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`execute` du curseur :
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`execute(rqlstring, args=None, eid_key=None, build_descr=True)`
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:rqlstring: la requête rql à éxécuter (unicode)
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:args: si la requête contient des substitutions, un dictionnaire contenant les
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       valeurs à utiliser
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:eid_key: 
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   un détail d'implémentation du cache de requêtes RQL fait que si une substitution est
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   utilisée pour introduire un eid *levant des ambiguités dans la résolution de
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   type de la requête*, il faut spécifier par cet argument la clé correspondante
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   dans le dictionnaire
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C'est l'objet Connection qui possède les méthodes classiques `commit` et
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`rollback`. Vous ne *devriez jamais avoir à les utiliser* lors du développement
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d'interface web sur la base du framework `CubicWeb` étant donné que la fin de la
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transaction est déterminée par celui-ci en fonction du succès d'éxécution de la
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requête. 
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NOTE : lors de l'éxécution de requêtes de modification (SET,INSERT,DELETE), si une
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requête génère une erreur liée à la sécurité, un rollback est systématiquement
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effectuée sur la transaction courante.
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La classe `Request` (`cubicweb.web`)
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------------------------------------
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Une instance de requête est créée lorsque une requête HTTP est transmise au
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serveur web. Elle contient des informations telles que les paramètres de
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formulaires, l'utilisateur connecté, etc. 
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**De manière plus générale une requête représente une demande d'un utilisateur,
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que se soit par HTTP ou non (on parle également de requête rql coté serveur par
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exemple)**
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Une instance de la classe `Request` possède les attributs :
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* `user`, instance de`cubicweb.common.utils.User` correspondant à l'utilisateur
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  connecté 
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* `form`, dictionaire contenant les valeurs de formulaire web
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* `encoding`, l'encodage de caractère à utiliser dans la réponse
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Mais encore :
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:Gestion des données de session:        
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  * `session_data()`, retourne un dictionaire contenant l'intégralité des
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    données de la session
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  * `get_session_data(key, default=None)`, retourne la valeur associée à
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    la clé ou la valeur `default` si la clé n'est pas définie
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  * `set_session_data(key, value)`, associe une valeur à une clé
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  * `del_session_data(key)`,  supprime la valeur associé à une clé
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:Gestion de cookie:
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  * `get_cookie()`, retourne un dictionnaire contenant la valeur de l'entête
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    HTTP 'Cookie'
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  * `set_cookie(cookie, key, maxage=300)`, ajoute un en-tête HTTP `Set-Cookie`,
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    avec une durée de vie 5 minutes par défault (`maxage` = None donne un cooke
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    *de session"* expirant quand l'utilisateur ferme son navigateur
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  * `remove_cookie(cookie, key)`, fait expirer une valeur
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:Gestion d'URL:
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  * `url()`, retourne l'url complète de la requête HTTP
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  * `base_url()`, retourne l'url de la racine de l'application
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  * `relative_path()`, retourne chemin relatif de la requête
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:Et encore...:
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  * `set_content_type(content_type, filename=None)`, place l'en-tête HTTP
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    'Content-Type'
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  * `get_header(header)`, retourne la valeur associé à un en-tête HTTP
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    arbitraire de la requête
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  * `set_header(header, value)`, ajoute un en-tête HTTP arbitraire dans la
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    réponse 
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  * `cursor()` retourne un curseur RQL sur la session
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  * `execute(*args, **kwargs)`, raccourci vers .cursor().execute()
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  * `property_value(key)`, gestion des propriétés (`CWProperty`)
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  * le dictionaire `data` pour stocker des données pour partager de
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    l'information entre les composants *durant l'éxécution de la requête*.
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A noter que cette classe est en réalité abstraite et qu'une implémentation
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concrète sera fournie par le *frontend* web utilisé (en l'occurent *twisted*
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aujourd'hui). Enfin pour les vues ou autres qui sont éxécutés coté serveur,
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la majeure partie de l'interface de `Request` est définie sur la session
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associée au client. 
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La classe `AppObject`
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---------------------
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En général :
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* on n'hérite pas directement des cette classe mais plutôt d'une classe
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  plus spécifique comme par exemple `AnyEntity`, `EntityView`, `AnyRsetView`,
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  `Action`...
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* pour être enregistrable, un classe fille doit définir son registre (attribut
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  `__registry__`) et son identifiant (attribut `id`). Généralement on n'a pas à
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  s'occuper du registre, uniquement de l'identifiant `id` :) 
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On trouve un certain nombre d'attributs et de méthodes définis dans cette classe
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et donc commune à tous les objets de l'application :
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A l'enregistrement, les attributs suivants sont ajoutés dynamiquement aux
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*classes* filles:
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* `vreg`, le `vregistry` de l'application
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* `schema`, le schéma de l'application
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* `config`, la configuration de l'application
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On trouve également sur les instances les attributs :
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* `req`, instance de `Request`
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* `rset`, le "result set" associé à l'objet le cas échéant
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* `cursor`, curseur rql sur la session
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:Gestion d'URL:
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  * `build_url(method=None, **kwargs)`, retourne une URL absolue construites à
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    partir des arguments donnés. Le *controleur* devant gérer la réponse
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    peut-être spécifié via l'argument spécial `method` (le branchement est
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    théoriquement bien effectué automatiquement :).
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  * `datadir_url()`, retourne l'url du répertoire de données de l'application
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    (contenant les fichiers statiques tels que les images, css, js...)
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  * `base_url()`, raccourci sur `req.base_url()`
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  * `url_quote(value)`, version *unicode safe* de de la fonction `urllib.quote`
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:Manipulation de données:
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  * `etype_rset(etype, size=1)`, raccourci vers `vreg.etype_rset()`
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  * `eid_rset(eid, rql=None, descr=True)`, retourne un objet result set pour
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    l'eid donné
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  * `entity(row, col=0)`, retourne l'entité correspondant à la position données
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    du "result set" associé à l'objet
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  * `complete_entity(row, col=0, skip_bytes=True)`, équivalent à `entity` mais
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    appelle également la méthode `complete()` sur l'entité avant de la retourner
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:Formattage de données:
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  * `format_date(date, date_format=None, time=False)`
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  * `format_time(time)`,
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:Et encore...:
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  * `external_resource(rid, default=_MARKER)`, accède à une valeur définie dans
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    le fichier de configuration `external_resource`
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  * `tal_render(template, variables)`, 
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**NOTE IMPORTANTE**
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Lorsqu'on hérite d'`AppObject` (même indirectement), il faut **toujours**
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utiliser **super()** pour récupérer les méthodes et attributs des classes
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parentes, et pas passer par l'identifiant de classe parente directement.
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(sous peine de tomber sur des bugs bizarres lors du rechargement automatique
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des vues). Par exemple, plutôt que d'écrire::
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      class Truc(PrimaryView):
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          def f(self, arg1):
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              PrimaryView.f(self, arg1)
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Il faut écrire::
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      class Truc(PrimaryView):
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          def f(self, arg1):
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              super(Truc, self).f(arg1)
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Structure standard d'un cube
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----------------------------
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Un cube complexe est structuré selon le modèle suivant :
0
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::
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  moncube/
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  |
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  |-- schema.py
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  |
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  |-- entities/
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  |
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  |-- sobjects/
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  |
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  |-- views/
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  |
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  |-- test/
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  |
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  |-- i18n/
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  |
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  |-- data/
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  |
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  |-- migration/
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  | |- postcreate.py
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  | \- depends.map
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  |
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  |-- debian/
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  |
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  \-- __pkginfo__.py
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On peut utiliser de simple module python plutôt que des répertoires (packages),
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par ex.:
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::
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  |
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  |-- entities.py
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  |-- hooks.py
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parents:
diff changeset
   401
  \-- views.py
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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   402
    
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   403
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
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   404
où :
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   405
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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   406
* ``schema`` contient la définition du schéma (coté serveur uniquement)
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   407
* ``entities`` contient les définitions d'entités (coté serveur et interface web)
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   408
* ``sobjects`` contient les crochets et/ou vues de notification (coté serveur
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   409
  uniquement) 
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diff changeset
   410
* ``views`` contient les différents composants de l'interface web (coté interface
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parents:
diff changeset
   411
  web uniquement)  
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   412
* ``test`` contient les tests spécifiques à l'application (non installé)
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   413
* ``i18n`` contient les catalogues de messages pour les langues supportées (coté
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   414
  serveur et interface web) 
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parents:
diff changeset
   415
* ``data`` contient des fichiers de données arbitraires servis statiquement
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   416
  (images, css, fichiers javascripts)... (coté interface web uniquement)
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parents:
diff changeset
   417
* ``migration`` contient le fichier d'initialisation de nouvelles instances
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parents:
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   418
  (``postcreate.py``) et générallement un fichier donnant les dépendances `CubicWeb` du
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parents:
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   419
  composant en fonction de la version de celui-ci (``depends.map``)
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parents:
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   420
* ``debian`` contient les fichiers contrôlant le packaging debian (vous y
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
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   421
  trouverez les fichiers classiques ``control``, ``rules``, ``changelog``... (non
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   422
  installé) 
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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diff changeset
   423
* le fichier ``__pkginfo__.py`` donne un certain nombre de méta-données sur le
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   424
  composant, notamment le nom de la distribution et la version courante (coté
20
dfddcbef6684 Add links between sections.
Sandrine Ribeau <sandrine.ribeau@logilab.fr>
parents: 0
diff changeset
   425
  serveur et interface web) ou encore les sous-cubes utilisés par ce
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Sandrine Ribeau <sandrine.ribeau@logilab.fr>
parents: 0
diff changeset
   426
  cube. 
0
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   427
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   428
Le strict minimum étant :
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   429
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   430
* le fichier ``__pkginfo__.py``
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff changeset
   431
* la définition du schéma