doc/book/en/annexes/rql/language.rst
author sylvain.thenault@logilab.fr
Thu, 07 May 2009 16:33:22 +0200
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
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.. _RQL:
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RQL syntax
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----------
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Reserved keywords
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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The keywords are not case sensitive.
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::
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     DISTINCT, INSERT, SET, DELETE,
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     WHERE, AND, OR, NOT, EXISTS,
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     IN, LIKE, UNION, WITH, BEING,
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     TRUE, FALSE, NULL, TODAY, NOW,
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     LIMIT, OFFSET,
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     HAVING, GROUPBY, ORDERBY, ASC, DESC
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Variables and Typing
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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With RQL, we do not distinguish between entities and attributes. The
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value of an attribute is considered an entity of a particular type (see
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below), linked to one (real) entity by a relation called the name of
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the attribute.
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Entities and values to browse and/or select are represented in
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the query by *variables* that must be written in capital letters.
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There is a special type **Any**, referring to a non specific type.
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We can restrict the possible types for a variable using the
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special relation **is**.
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The possible type(s) for each variable is derived from the schema
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according to the constraints expressed above and thanks to the relations between
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each variable.
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Built-in types
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``````````````
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The base types supported are string (between double or single quotes),
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integers or floats (the separator is '.'), dates and
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boolean. We expect to receive a schema in which types String,
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Int, Float, Date and Boolean are defined.
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* `String` (literal: between double or single quotes).
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* `Int`, `Float` (separator being'.').
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* `Date`, `Datetime`, `Time` (literal: string YYYY/MM/DD [hh:mm] or keywords
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  `TODAY` and `NOW`).
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* `Boolean` (keywords `TRUE` and `FALSE`).
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* `Keyword` NULL.
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Operators
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~~~~~~~~~
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Logical Operators
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`````````````````
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::
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     AND, OR, NOT, ','
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  ',' is equivalent to 'AND' but with the smallest among the priority
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  of logical operators (see :ref:`PriorityOperators`).
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Mathematical Operators
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````````````````````
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::
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     +, -, *, /
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Comparison operators
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````````````````````
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::
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     =, <, <=, >=, >, ~=, IN, LIKE
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* The operator `=` is the default operator.
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* The operator `LIKE` equivalent to `~=` can be used with the
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  special character `%` in a string to indicate that the chain 
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  must start or finish by a prefix/suffix:
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  ::
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     Any X WHERE X name ~= 'Th%'
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     Any X WHERE X name LIKE '%lt'
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* The operator `IN` provides a list of possible values:
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  ::
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    Any X WHERE X name IN ( 'chauvat', 'fayolle', 'di mascio', 'thenault')
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XXX nico: "A trick <> 'bar'" wouldn't it be more convenient than 
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"NOT A trick 'bar'" ?
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.. _PriorityOperators:
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Operators priority
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``````````````````
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1. '*', '/'
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2. '+', '-'
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3. 'not'
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4 'and'
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5 'or'
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6 ','
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Search Query
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~~~~~~~~~~~~
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   [ `DISTINCT`] <entity type> V1 (, V2) \ *
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   [ `GROUPBY` V1 (V2) \*] [ `ORDERBY` <orderterms>]
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   [ `LIMIT` <value>] [ `OFFSET` <value>]
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   [ `WHERE` <restriction>]
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   [ `WITH` V1 (, V2) \ * BEING (<query>)]
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   [ `HAVING` <restriction>]
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   [ `UNION` <query>]
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:entity type:
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   Type of selected variables.
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   The special type `Any` is equivalent to not specify a type.
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:restriction:
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   list of conditions to test successively 
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     `V1 relation V2 | <static value>`
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:orderterms:
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   Definition of the selection order: variable or column number followed by
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   sorting method ( `ASC`, `DESC`), ASC is the default.
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:note for grouped queries:
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   For grouped queries (e.g., a clause `GROUPBY`), all
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   selected variables must be aggregated or grouped.
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Sorting and groups
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``````````````````
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- For grouped queries (e.g. with a GROUPBY clause), all
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  selected variables should be grouped.
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- To group and/or sort by attributes, we can do: "X,L user U, U
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  login L GROUPBY L, X ORDERBY L"
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- If the sorting method (SORT_METHOD) is not specified, then the sorting is
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  ascendant.
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- Aggregate Functions: COUNT, MIN, MAX, AVG, SUM
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Negation
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````````
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* A query such as `Document X WHERE NOT X owned_by U` means "the
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  documents have no relation `owned_by`".
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* But the query `Document X WHERE NOT X owned_by U, U login "syt"`
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  means "the documents have no relation `owned_by` with the user
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  syt". They may have a relation "owned_by" with another user.
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Identity
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````````
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You can use the special relation `identity` in a query to 
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add an identity constraint between two variables. This is equivalent
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to ``is`` in python::
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   Any A WHERE A comments B, A identity B
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return all objects that comment themselves. The relation
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`identity` is especially useful when defining the rules for securities
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with `RQLExpressions`.
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Limit / offset
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``````````````
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::
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    Any P ORDERBY N LIMIT 5 OFFSET 10 WHERE P is Person, P firstname N
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Function calls
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``````````````
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::
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    Any UPPER(N) WHERE P firstname N
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Functions on string: UPPER, LOWER
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Exists
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``````
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::
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    Any X ORDERBY PN,N
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    WHERE X num N, X version_of P, P name PN, 
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          EXISTS(X in_state S, S name IN ("dev", "ready"))
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          OR EXISTS(T tags X, T name "priority")
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Optional relations (Left outer join)
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````````````````````````````````````
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* They allow you to select entities related or not to another.
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* You must use the `?` behind the variable to specify that the relation
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  toward it is optional:
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   - Anomalies of a project attached or not to a version ::
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       Any X, V WHERE X concerns P, P eid 42, X corrected_in V?
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   - All cards and the project they document if necessary ::
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       Any C, P WHERE C is Card, P? documented_by C
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    Any T,P,V WHERE T is Ticket, T concerns P, T done_in V?
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Having
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``````
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::
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    Any X GROUPBY X WHERE X knows Y HAVING COUNT(Y) > 10
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Subqueries
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``````````
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::
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    (Any X WHERE X is Person) UNION (Any X WHERE X is Company)
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     DISTINCT Any W, REF
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        WITH W, REF BEING 
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            (
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	      (Any W, REF WHERE W is Workcase, W ref REF, 
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                                 W concerned_by D, D name "Logilab")
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               UNION 
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              (Any W, REF WHERE W is Workcase, W ref REF, '
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                                W split_into WP, WP name "WP1")
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            )
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Examples
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````````
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- *Search for the object of identifier 53*
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  ::
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        Any WHERE X
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        X eid 53
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- *Search material such as comics, owned by syt and available*
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  ::
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        Any X WHERE X is Document
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        X occurence_of F, F class C, C name 'Comics'
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        X owned_by U, U login 'syt'
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        X available TRUE
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- *Looking for people working for eurocopter interested in training*
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  ::
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        Any P WHERE
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        P is Person, P work_for S, S name 'Eurocopter'
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        P interested_by T, T name 'training'
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- *Search note less than 10 days old written by jphc or ocy*
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  ::
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        Any N WHERE
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        N is Note, N written_on D, D day> (today -10),
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        N written_by P, P name 'jphc' or P name 'ocy'
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- *Looking for people interested in training or living in Paris*
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  ::
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        Any P WHERE
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        P is Person, (P interested_by T, T name 'training') OR
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        (P city 'Paris')
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   285
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- *The name and surname of all people*
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  ::
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        Any N, P WHERE
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        X is Person, X name N, X first_name P
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  Note that the selection of several entities generally force
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  the use of "Any" because the type specification applies otherwise
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  to all the selected variables. We could write here
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  ::
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        String N, P WHERE
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        X is Person, X name N, X first_name P
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  Note: You can not specify several types with * ... where X is FirstType or X is SecondType*.
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  To specify several types explicitely, you have to do
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  ::
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        Any X where X is in (FirstType, SecondType)
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Insertion query
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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    `INSERT` <entity type> V1 (, <entity type> V2) \ * `:` <assignments>
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    [ `WHERE` <restriction>]
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:assignments:
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   list of relations to assign in the form `V1 relationship V2 | <static value>`
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The restriction can define variables used in assignments.
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Caution, if a restriction is specified, the insertion is done for 
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*each line result returned by the restriction*.
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- *Insert a new person named 'foo'*
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  ::
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        INSERT Person X: X name 'foo'
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- *Insert a new person named 'foo', another called 'nice' and a 'friend' relation
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  between them*
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  ::
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        INSERT Person X, Person Y: X name 'foo', Y name 'nice', X friend Y
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- *Insert a new person named 'foo' and a 'friend' relation with an existing 
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  person called 'nice'*
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  ::
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        INSERT Person X: X name 'foo', X friend  Y WHERE name 'nice'
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Update and relation creation queries
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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    `SET` <assignements>
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    [ `WHERE` <restriction>]
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Caution, if a restriction is specified, the update is done *for
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each result line returned by the restriction*.
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- *Renaming of the person named 'foo' to 'bar' with the first name changed*
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  ::
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        SET X name 'bar', X first_name 'original' WHERE X is Person, X name 'foo'
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- *Insert a relation of type 'know' between objects linked by 
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  the relation of type 'friend'*
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  ::
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        SET X know Y  WHERE X friend Y
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Deletion query
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
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    `DELETE` (<entity type> V) | (V1 relation v2 ),...
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    [ `WHERE` <restriction>]
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Caution, if a restriction is specified, the deletion is made *for
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each line result returned by the restriction*.
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- *Deletion of the person named 'foo'*
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  ::
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        DELETE Person X WHERE X name 'foo'
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- *Removal of all relations of type 'friend' from the person named 'foo'*
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  ::
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        DELETE X friend Y WHERE X is Person, X name 'foo'
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