author | Nicolas Chauvat <nicolas.chauvat@logilab.fr> |
Wed, 28 Nov 2012 11:44:15 +0100 | |
branch | stable |
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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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.. _Concepts: |
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The Core Concepts of |cubicweb| |
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=============================== |
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This section defines some terms and core concepts of the |cubicweb| framework. To |
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avoid confusion while reading this book, take time to go through the following |
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definitions and use this section as a reference during your reading. |
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.. _Cube: |
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Cubes |
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A cube is a software component made of three parts: its data model |
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(:mod:`schema`), its logic (:mod:`entities`) and its user interface |
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(:mod:`views`). |
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A cube can use other cubes as building blocks and assemble them to provide a |
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whole with richer functionnalities than its parts. The cubes `cubicweb-blog`_ and |
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`cubicweb-comment`_ could be used to make a cube named *myblog* with commentable |
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blog entries. |
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The `CubicWeb.org Forge`_ offers a large number of cubes developed by the community |
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and available under a free software license. |
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.. note:: |
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The command :command:`cubicweb-ctl list` displays the list of cubes |
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installed on your system. |
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.. _`CubicWeb.org Forge`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/ |
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.. _`cubicweb-blog`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-blog |
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.. _`cubicweb-comment`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-comment |
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.. _Instance: |
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Instances |
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--------- |
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An instance is a runnable application installed on a computer and based on a |
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cube. |
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The instance directory contains the configuration files. Several instances can be |
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created and based on the same cube. For exemple, several software forges can be |
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set up on one computer system based on the `cubicweb-forge`_ cube. |
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.. _`cubicweb-forge`: http://www.cubicweb.org/project/cubicweb-forge |
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Instances can be of three different types: all-in-one, web engine or data |
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repository. For applications that support high traffic, several web (front-end) |
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and data (back-end) instances can be set-up to share the load. |
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.. image:: ../images/archi_globale_en.png |
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The command :command:`cubicweb-ctl list` also displays the list of instances |
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installed on your system. |
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.. note:: |
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The term application is used to refer to "something that should do something as |
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a whole", eg more like a project and so can refer to an instance or to a cube, |
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depending on the context. This book will try to use *application*, *cube* and |
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*instance* as appropriate. |
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.. _RepositoryIntro: |
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Data Repository |
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--------------- |
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The data repository [1]_ encapsulates and groups an access to one or |
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more data sources (including SQL databases, LDAP repositories, other |
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|cubicweb| instance repositories, filesystems, Google AppEngine's |
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DataStore, etc). |
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All interactions with the repository are done using the `Relation Query Language` |
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(:ref:`RQL`). The repository federates the data sources and hides them from the |
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querier, which does not realize when a query spans several data sources |
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and requires running sub-queries and merges to complete. |
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Application logic can be mapped to data events happenning within the |
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repository, like creation of entities, deletion of relations, |
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etc. This is used for example to send email notifications when the |
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state of an object changes. See :ref:`HookIntro` below. |
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.. [1] not to be confused with a Mercurial repository or a Debian repository. |
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.. _`Python Remote Objects`: http://pyro.sourceforge.net/ |
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.. _WebEngineIntro: |
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Web Engine |
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---------- |
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The web engine replies to http requests and runs the user interface. |
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By default the web engine provides a `CRUD`_ user interface based on |
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the data model of the instance. Entities can be created, displayed, |
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updated and deleted. As the default user interface is not very fancy, |
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it is usually necessary to develop your own. |
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It is common to run the web engine and the repository in the same |
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process (see instances of type all-in-one above), but this is not a |
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requirement. A repository can be set up to be accessed remotely using |
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Pyro (`Python Remote Objects`_) and act as a standalone server, which |
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can be directly accessed or also through a standalone web engine. |
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.. _`CRUD`: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Create,_read,_update_and_delete |
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.. _SchemaIntro: |
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Schema (Data Model) |
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------------------- |
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The data model of a cube is described as an entity-relationship schema using a |
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comprehensive language made of Python classes imported from the yams_ library. |
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.. _yams: http://www.logilab.org/project/yams/ |
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An `entity type` defines a sequence of attributes. Attributes may be |
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of the following types: `String`, `Int`, `Float`, `Boolean`, `Date`, |
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`Time`, `Datetime`, `Interval`, `Password`, `Bytes`, `RichString`. |
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A `relation type` is used to define an oriented binary relation |
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between entity types. The left-hand part of a relation is named the |
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`subject` and the right-hand part is named the `object`. |
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A `relation definition` is a triple (*subject entity type*, *relation type*, *object |
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entity type*) associated with a set of properties such as cardinality, |
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constraints, etc. |
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Permissions can be set on entity types or relation definition to control who |
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will be able to create, read, update or delete entities and relations. Permissions |
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are granted to groups (to which users may belong) or using rql expressions (if the |
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rql expression returns some results, the permission is granted). |
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Some meta-data necessary to the system are added to the data model. That includes |
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entities like users and groups, the entities used to store the data model |
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itself and attributes like unique identifier, creation date, creator, etc. |
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When you create a new |cubicweb| instance, the schema is stored in the database. |
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When the cubes the instance is based on evolve, they may change their data model |
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and provide migration scripts that will be executed when the administrator will |
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run the upgrade process for the instance. |
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.. _VRegistryIntro: |
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Registries and application objects |
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---------------------------------- |
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Application objects |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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Besides a few core functionalities, almost every feature of the framework is |
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achieved by dynamic objects (`application objects` or `appobjects`) stored in a |
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two-levels registry. Each object is affected to a registry with |
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an identifier in this registry. You may have more than one object sharing an |
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identifier in the same registry: |
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object's `__registry__` : object's `__regid__` : [list of app objects] |
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In other words, the `registry` contains several (sub-)registries which hold a |
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list of appobjects associated to an identifier. |
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The base class of appobjects is :class:`cubicweb.appobject.AppObject`. |
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Selectors |
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~~~~~~~~~ |
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At runtime, appobjects can be selected in a registry according to some |
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contextual information. Selection is done by comparing the *score* |
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returned by each appobject's *selector*. |
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The better the object fits the context, the higher the score. Scores |
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are the glue that ties appobjects to the data model. Using them |
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appropriately is an essential part of the construction of well behaved |
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cubes. |
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|cubicweb| provides a set of basic selectors that may be parametrized. Also, |
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selectors can be combined with the `~` unary operator (negation) and the binary |
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operators `&` and `|` (respectivly 'and' and 'or') to build more complex |
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selectors. Of course complex selectors may be combined too. Last but not least, you |
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can write your own selectors. |
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The `registry` |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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At startup, the `registry` inspects a number of directories looking |
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for compatible class definitions. After a recording process, the |
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objects are assigned to registries and become available through the |
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selection process. |
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In a cube, application object classes are looked in the following modules or |
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packages: |
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- `entities` |
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- `views` |
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- `hooks` |
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- `sobjects` |
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There are three common ways to look up some application object from a |
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registry: |
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* get the most appropriate object by specifying an identifier and |
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context objects. The object with the greatest score is |
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selected. There should always be a single appobject with a greater |
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score than others for a particular context. |
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* get all objects applying to a context by specifying a registry. A |
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list of objects will be returned containing the object with the |
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highest score (> 0) for each identifier in that registry. |
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* get the object within a particular registry/identifier. No selection |
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process is involved: the registry will expect to find a single |
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object in that cell. |
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.. _RQLIntro: |
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The RQL query language |
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---------------------- |
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No need for a complicated ORM when you have a powerful data |
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manipulation language. |
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All the persistent data in a |cubicweb| instance is retrieved and |
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modified using RQL (see :ref:`rql_intro`). |
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This query language is inspired by SQL but is on a higher level in order to |
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emphasize browsing relations. |
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Result set |
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~~~~~~~~~~ |
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Every request made (using RQL) to the data repository returns an object we call a |
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Result Set. It enables easy use of the retrieved data, providing a translation |
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layer between the backend's native datatypes and |cubicweb| schema's EntityTypes. |
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Result sets provide access to the raw data, yielding either basic Python data |
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types, or schema-defined high-level entities, in a straightforward way. |
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.. _ViewIntro: |
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Views |
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----- |
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**CubicWeb is data driven** |
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The view system is loosely coupled to data through the selection system explained |
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above. Views are application objects with a dedicated interface to 'render' |
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something, eg producing some html, text, xml, pdf, or whatsover that can be |
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displayed to a user. |
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Views actually are partitioned into different kind of objects such as |
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`templates`, `boxes`, `components` and proper `views`, which are more |
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high-level abstraction useful to build the user interface in an object |
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oriented way. |
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.. _HookIntro: |
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Hooks and operations |
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-------------------- |
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**CubicWeb provides an extensible data repository** |
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The data model defined using Yams types allows to express the data |
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model in a comfortable way. However several aspects of the data model |
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can not be expressed there. For instance: |
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* managing computed attributes |
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* enforcing complicated business rules |
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* real-world side-effects linked to data events (email notification |
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being a prime example) |
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The hook system is much like the triggers of an SQL database engine, |
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except that: |
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* it is not limited to one specific SQL backend (every one of them |
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having an idiomatic way to encode triggers), nor to SQL backends at |
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all (think about LDAP or a Subversion repository) |
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* it is well-coupled to the rest of the framework |
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Hooks are also application objects (in the `hooks` registry) and |
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selected on events such as after/before add/update/delete on |
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entities/relations, server startup or shutdown, etc. |
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`Operations` may be instantiated by hooks to do further processing at different |
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steps of the transaction's commit / rollback, which usually can not be done |
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safely at the hook execution time. |
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Hooks and operation are an essential building block of any moderately complicated |
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cubicweb application. |
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.. note:: |
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RQL queries executed in hooks and operations are *unsafe* by default, i.e. the |
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read and write security is deactivated unless explicitly asked. |