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.. -*- coding: utf-8 -*- |
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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Let's learn RQL by practice... |
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.. contents:: |
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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Introduction |
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------------ |
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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RQL has a syntax and principle inspirated from the SQL query language, though |
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it's at a higher level in order to be more intuitive and suitable to easily make |
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advanced queries on a schema based database. |
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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* the main idea in RQL is that we'are following relations between entities |
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* attributes are a special case of relations |
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* RQL has been inspirated from SQL but is at a higher level |
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* a knowledge of the application'schema is necessary to build rql queries |
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To use RQL, you'll have to know the basis of the language as well as a good |
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knowledge of the application'schema. You can always view it using the "schema" |
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link in user's dropdown menu (on the top-right of the screen) or by clicking here_. |
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.. _here: schema |
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Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
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Some bits of théory |
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------------------- |
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Variables et types |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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Entities and attributes'value to follow and / or select are represented by the |
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query by *variables* which must be written upper-case. |
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Possible types for each variable are deducted from the schema according to |
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constraints in the query. |
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You can explicitly constrain a variable's type using the special relation "is". |
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Base types |
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~~~~~~~~~~ |
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* `String` (literal: between double or simple quotes) |
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* `Int`, `Float` (using '.' as separator) |
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* `Date`, `Datetime`, `Time` (literal: string YYYY/MM/DD[ hh:mm] or |
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`TODAY` and `NOW` keywords) |
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* `Boolean` (keywords `TRUE` et `FALSE`) |
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* keyword `NULL` |
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Opérateurs |
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~~~~~~~~~~ |
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* Logical operators : `AND`, `OR`, `,` |
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* Mathematical operators: `+`, `-`, `*`, `/` |
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* Comparisons operators: `=`, `<`, `<=`, `>=`, `>`, `~=`, `LIKE`, `IN` |
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* `=` is the default comparison operator |
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* `LIKE` / `~=` permits use of the special character `%` in a string to tell |
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the string must begin or end with a prefix or suffix (as SQL LIKE operator) :: |
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Any X WHERE X name ~= 'Th%' |
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Any X WHERE X name LIKE '%lt' |
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* `IN` permits to give a list of possible values :: |
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Any X WHERE X name IN ('chauvat', 'fayolle', 'di mascio', 'thenault') |
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Grammaire des requêtes de recherche |
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~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ |
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:: |
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[DISTINCT] <entity type> V1(, V2)* |
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[GROUPBY V1(, V2)*] [ORDERBY <orderterms>] |
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[WHERE <restriction>] |
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[LIMIT <value>] [OFFSET <value>] |
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:entity type: |
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Type of the selected variable(s). You'll usually use `Any` type to not specify |
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any type. |
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:restriction: |
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List of relations to follow, in the form |
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`V1 relation V2|<constant value>` |
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:orderterms: |
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Define a selection order : variable or column number, followed by the sort method |
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(`ASC`, `DESC`), with ASC as default when not specified |
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notice about grouped query (e.g using a `GROUPBY` clause): every selected |
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variable should be either grouped or used in an aggregat function. |
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Example schema |
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-------------- |
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In this document, we will suppose the application's schema is the one described |
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here. Available entity types are : |
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:Person: |
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:: |
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name (String, required) |
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birthday (Date) |
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:Company: |
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name (String) |
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:Note: |
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:: |
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diem (Date) |
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type (String) |
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And relations between those entities: :: |
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Person works_for Company |
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Person evaluated_by Note |
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Company evaluated_by Note |
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Meta-data |
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~~~~~~~~~ |
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Every entities'type have the following meta-data: |
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* `eid (Int)`, a unique identifier |
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* `creation_date (Datetime)`, date on which the entity has been created |
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* `modification_date (Datetime)`, lastest date on which the entity has been modified |
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* `created_by (CWUser)`, relation to the user which has created this entity |
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* `owned_by (CWUser)`, relation to the user()s considered as owner of this |
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entity, the entity's creator by default |
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* `is (Eetype)`, special relation to specify a variable type. |
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A user's entity has the following schema: |
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:CWUser: |
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:: |
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login (String) not null |
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password (Password) |
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firstname (String) |
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surname (String) |
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Basis queries |
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0. *Every persons* :: |
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Person X |
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or :: |
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Any X WHERE X is Person |
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1. *The company named Logilab* :: |
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Company S WHERE S name 'Logilab' |
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2. *Every entities with a "name" attribute whose value starts with 'Log'* :: |
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165 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
166 |
Any S WHERE S name LIKE 'Log%' |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
167 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
168 |
or :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
169 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
170 |
Any S WHERE S name ~= 'Log%' |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
171 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
172 |
This query may return Person or Company entities. |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
173 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
174 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
175 |
3. *Every persons working for the Logilab company* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
176 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
177 |
Person P WHERE P works_for S, S name "Logilab" |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
178 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
179 |
or :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
180 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
181 |
Person P WHERE P works_for S AND S name "Logilab" |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
182 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
183 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
184 |
4. *Company named Caesium ou Logilab* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
185 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
186 |
Company S WHERE S name IN ('Logilab','Caesium') |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
187 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
188 |
or :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
189 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
190 |
Company S WHERE S name 'Logilab' OR S name 'Caesium' |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
191 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
192 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
193 |
5. *Every company but ones named Caesium ou Logilab* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
194 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
195 |
Company S WHERE NOT S name IN ('Logilab','Caesium') |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
196 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
197 |
or :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
198 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
199 |
Company S WHERE NOT S name 'Logilab' AND NOT S name 'Caesium' |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
200 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
201 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
202 |
6. *Entities evaluated by the note with eid 43* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
203 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
204 |
Any X WHERE X evaluated_by N, N eid 43 |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
205 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
206 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
207 |
7. *Every persons order by birthday from the youngest to the oldest* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
208 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
209 |
Person X ORDERBY D DESC WHERE X birthday D |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
210 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
211 |
Notice you've to define a variable using the birthday relation to use it in the |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
212 |
sort term. |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
213 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
214 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
215 |
8. *Number of persons working for each known company* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
216 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
217 |
Any S, COUNT(X) GROUPBY S WHERE X works_for S |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
218 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
219 |
Notice you've that since you're writing a grouped query on S, X have to be |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
220 |
either grouped as well or used in an aggregat function (as in this example). |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
221 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
222 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
223 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
224 |
Advanced |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
225 |
-------- |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
226 |
0. *Person with no name specified (i.e NULL)* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
227 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
228 |
Person P WHERE P name NULL |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
229 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
230 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
231 |
1. *Person which are not working for any company* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
232 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
233 |
Person P WHERE NOT p works_for S |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
234 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
235 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
236 |
2. *Every company where person named toto isn't working* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
237 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
238 |
Company S WHERE NOT P works_for S , P name 'toto' |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
239 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
240 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
241 |
3. *Every entity which have been modified between today and yesterday* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
242 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
243 |
Any X WHERE X modification_date <= TODAY, X modification_date >= TODAY - 1 |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
244 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
245 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
246 |
4. *Every note without type, to be done in the next 7 days, ordered by date* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
247 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
248 |
Any N, D where N is Note, N type NULL, N diem D, N diem >= TODAY, |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
249 |
N diem < today + 7 ORDERBY D |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
250 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
251 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
252 |
5. *Person with an homonym (without duplicate)* :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
253 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
254 |
DISTINCT Person X,Y where X name NX, Y name NX |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
255 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
256 |
or even better (e.g. without both (Xeid, Yeid) and (Yeid, Xeid) in the results) :: |
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
257 |
|
Adrien Di Mascio <Adrien.DiMascio@logilab.fr>
parents:
diff
changeset
|
258 |
Person X,Y where X name NX, Y name NX, X eid XE, Y eid > XE |